Assimilation, Control and Discrimination (1940s–1960s)
- In the mid twentieth century, government attitudes were shaped by racial hierarchies, assimilationist ideas and policies that undermined Indigenous autonomy.
- Australian governments promoted assimilation to absorb Aboriginal peoples into white society.
- Indigenous Australians faced legal restrictions on movement, employment and family life.
- New Zealand policies attempted cultural integration but still favored Pakeha dominance.
- Maori experienced social inequality due to land loss and limited economic opportunity.
- Both countries viewed Indigenous cultures as obstacles to national unity.
Australia’s Assimilation Policy (1950s–1960s)
Origins and Intent
- The policy sought cultural absorption, aiming to erase Indigenous identity.
- Governments removed Aboriginal children from families to enforce assimilation.
- Indigenous communities faced strict controls through welfare boards.
- Residential institutions emphasized European-style education and training.
- The policy reflected paternalistic attitudes rooted in colonial thinking.
Impact and Consequences
- Forced removals caused deep intergenerational trauma.
- Many Indigenous Australians lost cultural connections and family ties.
- Policymakers eventually acknowledged policy failure by the late 1960s.
- Growing activism demanded political rights and recognition.
- The Stolen Generations became central to national reconciliation debates.
Definition
Assimilation
Policy expecting migrants or minorities to adopt majority culture.
Definition
Paternalism
Policy approach treating Indigenous groups as dependent and incapable of autonomy.
Indigenous Activism and Political Rights (1960s–1980s)
- Rising Indigenous activism challenged discriminatory laws, demanded treaty recognition and pushed governments toward meaningful reform.
- The 1960s civil rights era fueled Indigenous mobilization across Oceania.
- Australia’s 1967 referendum expanded Commonwealth authority over Aboriginal affairs.
- Maori movements demanded land rights and preservation of cultural heritage.
- Activists protested racism and social marginalization in both countries.
