Notes for Consolidation and maintenance: Mussolini's use of force - IB | RevisionDojo
Consolidation and maintenance: Mussolini's use of force Notes
The OVRA enforced loyalty through surveillance and intimidation, making fear a key part of everyday life under Fascist rule.
Fascist Violence and Intimidation
After coming to power, Mussolini continued to rely on the squadristi, who were absorbed into the National Security Guards in 1923, giving the regime a legal paramilitary wing.
These fascist militias swore loyalty to Mussolini, not the king, and were used to intimidate anti-Fascist voices and maintain street-level control.
During and after the 1924 elections, Fascist squads terrorised opposition figures, conducted voter fraud, and physically attacked socialist organisers.
The murder of Giacomo Matteotti in June 1924, though not directly proven to be ordered by Mussolini, was committed by Fascist thugs and sent a strong message to critics of the regime.
Mussolini's January 1925 speech made it clear he would rule without parliamentary interference and would continue to use force if necessary.
Violence allowed Mussolini to crush dissent while maintaining a legal facade, especially in the critical transition period after the March on Rome.
The OVRA and State Surveillance
In 1927, Mussolini created the OVRA (Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism), a secret police force with wide powers to monitor and detain regime critics.
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