Aims and results of policies: Hitler's cultural policies Notes

Control of Art and Literature

1. The Reich Chamber of Culture (1933) regulated all cultural activity, requiring artists, writers, and musicians to register and conform to Nazi ideology.
2. Modernist works, expressionism, and “degenerate art” were purged from galleries; 1937’s Entartete Kunst exhibition displayed banned works to mock them.
3. Approved art promoted heroism, rural life, Aryan ideals, and loyalty to the regime, rejecting “Jewish decadence” and foreign influence.
4. Book burnings, such as 10 May 1933 in Berlin, destroyed works by Jewish, Marxist, and liberal authors, symbolising the cultural cleansing.
5. Mein Kampf was promoted as a model of German writing, alongside literature glorifying war, nationalism, and racial unity.

Film and Theatre

1. The Ministry of Propaganda controlled all film production; cinema was used to both entertain and indoctrinate.
2. Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia (1938) turned political events into artistic celebrations of Nazi power.
3. Propaganda films like Hitlerjunge Quex and SA-Mann Brand glorified party martyrs and paramilitary sacrifice.
4. Theatre was purged of Jewish and leftist influences; plays celebrated nationalist heroes like Albert Leo Schlageter.
5. Even approved classics by Goethe or Shakespeare were staged to reinforce Nazi themes.

Music and Cultural Purity

1. Works by Jewish composers, such as Felix Mendelssohn, were banned outright, while Richard Wagner’s operas were elevated as the purest expression of the German spirit and used to reinforce nationalist pride.
2. Modern, atonal music by composers like Paul Hindemith and Arnold Schoenberg was suppressed as “degenerate,” with public performances prohibited and recordings destroyed.
3. State-controlled orchestras, music schools, and festivals promoted a repertoire aligned with Volksgemeinschaft ideals, ensuring that public cultural life reflected Nazi racial and political priorities.
4. Musicians and composers unwilling to conform to Nazi expectations often emigrated, leading to a cultural brain drain but strengthening ideological uniformity inside Germany.
5. Music education in schools focused on nationalist songs, marching tunes, and traditional folk music to instil loyalty and pride from an early age.

Impact and Effectiveness

1. Nazi propaganda in art, film, music, and literature sought to create a shared cultural identity that reinforced racial unity and unquestioning loyalty to the regime.
2. The constant stream of state-approved works normalised Nazi ideology over time, while the suppression and exile of alternative voices ensured there were few competing narratives.
3. Success was mixed, as many Germans consumed and enjoyed Nazi cultural output, but not all were ideologically converted, and some simply tolerated the content as part of daily life.
4. Cultural policy worked best when paired with other tools of control, such as propaganda rallies, youth indoctrination, and censorship, ensuring reinforcement of the same messages across society.
5. The regime’s cultural dominance diminished intellectual diversity, eroded independent artistic expression, and entrenched political censorship as a permanent feature of German life.