Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved
- For this topic, you need to have a comprehensive evaluation of the regime put forward by the leader.
- Think about whether Castro allowed for some freedom of speech or representative institutions, and how far he was successful in cooptating society through his different policies.
Was the leader able to build a secure power through his personal leadership qualities?
- Charisma & Oratory: Powerful speaker; “History Will Absolve Me” (1953) transformed him into a national figure. Speeches were long, theatrical, and tied to anti-colonial traditions.
- Political Skill: United diverse groups under the 26th of July Movement, then consolidated them into the PCC. Marginalized rivals (e.g., Huber Matos) and secured loyalty in military and bureaucracy.
- Control Mechanisms: Relied on state security and CDRs for surveillance and suppression of dissent.
- Turning Setbacks into Victories:
- Moncada attack (1953) → Symbol of revolution.
- Bay of Pigs (1961) → Framed as triumph over U.S. imperialism; declared socialism.
- Special Period (1991–2000) → Cast as test of sacrifice and endurance.
- Cult of Personality: Media, education, and propaganda portrayed him as heroic father of the nation; censorship ensured only official narratives reinforced his legitimacy.
It is safe to say that Castro was successful in securing authoritarianism through his charisma and political skill.
Was the leader able to control the population through appealing policies?
- Free universal healthcare and education improved life expectancy and raised literacy above 96% by the early 1980s.
- Land reform and nationalization redistributed wealth, benefiting peasants and workers.
- Policies led by the Federación de Mujeres Cubanas (FMC) expanded women’s access to education, employment, and childcare.
- Afro-Cubans, rural poor, and workers experienced significant social and economic gains.
- Centralized economic planning caused inefficiencies, shortages, and dependence on Soviet subsidies.
- The failed Ten Million Ton Harvest (1970) disrupted the economy and disillusioned workers.
- Political repression included censorship, imprisonment of dissidents, and surveillance through Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDRs).
- LGBTQ+ people and religious groups faced harsh treatment, undermining egalitarian claims.
