Context: The European Union is the world's most advanced example of regional integration, bringing together 27 member states under shared institutions, a single market, common rules, and in many cases a shared currency. It evolved from the European Coal and Steel Community (1951) and the Treaty of Rome (1957) , gradually deepening integration through the Maastricht Treaty (1992) , which formally established the EU and introduced the euro. This became a global politics case study because the EU represents a test of whether liberal institutionalism can succeed at scale , raising questio
Context: The United Nations, founded in 1945 following the devastation of World War II, is the only truly universal intergovernmental organisation with a mandate spanning international peace and security, human rights, development, and international law , with 193 member states making it the closest approximation to a world government in existence. The UN system comprises the Security Council, General Assembly, Secretariat, International Court of Justice, Economic and Social Council, and Trusteeship Council , alongside specialised agencies including WHO, UNICEF, UNESCO, and WFP, creating a