Inequality Notes

Understanding Inequality in Global Politics

What Is Inequality?

1. It manifests in various forms, including:
   1. Economic Inequality: Differences in income, wealth, and access to resources.
   2. Social Inequality: Disparities in education, healthcare, and social mobility.
   3. Political Inequality: Unequal access to political power and decision-making.
   4. Global Inequality: The gap between developed and developing countries in terms of economic growth, technology, and living standards.

The Causes of Inequality

1. Historical Factors
   1. Colonialism: Exploitation of resources and people created long-lasting economic disparities.
   2. Slavery: Systemic oppression and economic exploitation of marginalized groups.
2. Economic Systems
   1. Capitalism: While promoting growth, it can lead to wealth concentration and social stratification.
   2. Globalization: Benefits are often unevenly distributed, favoring developed nations and multinational corporations.
3. Political Structures
   1. Corruption: Diverts resources away from public goods and services.
   2. Weak Institutions: Inability to enforce laws and protect rights exacerbates inequality.
4. Social and Cultural Norms
   1. Discrimination: Based on race, gender, ethnicity, or religion limits opportunities for marginalized groups.
   2. Patriarchy: Reinforces gender inequality in many societies.

The Impact of Inequality

1. Economic Consequences
   1. Reduced Growth: Inequality can hinder economic development by limiting access to education and healthcare.
   2. Poverty: Concentration of wealth leaves many without basic necessities.
2. Social Consequences
   1. Social Unrest: Disparities can lead to protests, violence, and instability.
   2. Health Disparities: Unequal access to healthcare results in higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy for marginalized groups.
3. Political Consequences
   1. Erosion of Democracy: Political inequality undermines democratic institutions and processes.
   2. Policy Bias: Governments may prioritize the interests of the wealthy over the needs of the broader population.

Global Inequality: A Closer Look

1. North-South Divide
   1. The North (developed countries) enjoys higher living standards, technological advancements, and economic stability.
   2. The South (developing countries) faces challenges like poverty, conflict, and environmental degradation.
2. Trade and Investment
   1. Unequal Trade Agreements: Favor developed nations, limiting opportunities for developing countries.