IB Geography Topic D.4.3 Pre-event Management Strategies Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Geography Topic D.4.3 Pre-event Management Strategies Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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Mitigating Risks Before Disasters Occur

Mass Movements: Stabilizing Slopes to Prevent Landslides

1. Vegetation Planting

Roots as Anchors: Plants stabilize soil by anchoring it with their roots, reducing erosion and landslide risks.
Water Absorption: Vegetation absorbs excess water, preventing soil saturation, a common trigger for landslides.

Example

In Nepal, reforestation projects on steep slopes have significantly reduced landslide occurrences during monsoon seasons.

2. Terracing

Creating Flat Surfaces: Terracing involves cutting slopes into a series of flat steps, reducing the steepness and slowing water runoff.
Erosion Control: This method is particularly effective in agricultural areas, where it prevents soil erosion and limits the probability of landslides.

Note

Tip

Terracing is most effective when combined with vegetation planting, as the roots help stabilize each terrace.

3. Retaining Walls

Physical Barriers: Retaining walls are structures built to hold back soil and prevent it from sliding downhill.
Materials and Design: These walls can be made from concrete, stone, or timber and are often reinforced with drainage systems to manage water pressure.

Earthquakes and Tsunamis: Engineering Solutions and Early Warnings

1. Earthquake-Resistant Building Design

Flexible Structures

Materials: Use of steel and reinforced concrete allows buildings to sway without collapsing.
Design: Features like cross-bracing and triangular shapes enhance stability.

Example

The Taipei 101 skyscraper in Taiwan uses a massive tuned mass damper, a large, suspended sphere, to counteract swaying during earthquakes.

Shock Absorbers

Base Isolation: Buildings are placed on rubber or spring-based isolators that absorb seismic energy, reducing shaking.

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Note

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Tip

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IB Geography D.4.3 Pre-event Management Strategies Notes

Mitigating Risks Before Disasters Occur

Mass Movements: Stabilizing Slopes to Prevent Landslides

1. Vegetation Planting

2. Terracing

3. Retaining Walls

Earthquakes and Tsunamis: Engineering Solutions and Early Warnings

1. Earthquake-Resistant Building Design

Flexible Structures

Shock Absorbers

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

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Mitigating Risks Before Disasters Occur

Mass Movements: Stabilizing Slopes to Prevent Landslides

1. Vegetation Planting

2. Terracing

3. Retaining Walls

Earthquakes and Tsunamis: Engineering Solutions and Early Warnings

1. Earthquake-Resistant Building Design

Flexible Structures

Shock Absorbers

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

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1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

IB Geography D.4.3 Pre-event Management Strategies Notes

1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

Mitigating Risks Before Disasters Occur

Mass Movements: Stabilizing Slopes to Prevent Landslides

1. Vegetation Planting

2. Terracing

3. Retaining Walls

Earthquakes and Tsunamis: Engineering Solutions and Early Warnings

1. Earthquake-Resistant Building Design

Flexible Structures

Shock Absorbers

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Mitigating Risks Before Disasters Occur

Mass Movements: Stabilizing Slopes to Prevent Landslides

1. Vegetation Planting

2. Terracing

3. Retaining Walls

Earthquakes and Tsunamis: Engineering Solutions and Early Warnings

1. Earthquake-Resistant Building Design

Flexible Structures

Shock Absorbers

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account