IB Geography Topic 6.2.2 Global Flows and Local Pollution Revision Notes (HL)

IB Geography Topic 6.2.2 Global Flows and Local Pollution Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

Written by official IB examiners

Environmental Degradation Linked to Trade and Transport

Imagine standing on a pristine beach, only to find it littered with plastic waste and oil slicks.
Or consider a bustling city where smog chokes the air, fueled by emissions from global trade and transport.
These are stark reminders of the environmental costs (externalities) of our interconnected world.

Externalities: Unintended Consequences Caused Indirectly

Externalities are unintended consequences experienced by unrelated third parties, community/society or the environment.
Externalities can be both positive or negative, but in case of environmental externalities of global interactions they tend to be exclusively negative.
Depending on the type of externality, some can just have local impacts on the surrounding communities and places whereas others can have much bigger impacts covering whole countries or even the globe.

Localized Pollution: A Hidden Cost of Global Trade

Oil Spills: Catastrophic and Long-Lasting

Oil spills are one of the most visible and devastating forms of pollution linked to trade.
They occur when oil is accidentally released on land or into the ocean during extraction or transportation.

Case study

British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2010)

In 2010, the BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, releasing nearly 5 million barrels of oil. It was the largest accidental oil spill in history.

The spill caused:

Marine Damage: Destruction of habitats for fish, birds, and marine mammals.
Economic Losses: Billions of dollars lost in tourism and fishing industries, as well as over 65 Billion paid by BP as governmental fines, civil penalties, and environmental restoration fund.
Long-Term Effects: Oil residues persist in the ecosystem, affecting reproduction and growth of marine species.

Note

Oil spills can take decades to fully clean up, and their impacts often extend far beyond the immediate area.

Ballast Water Contamination: An Invisible Threat

Ships use ballast water for stability, but when discharged, it can introduce invasive species and pollutants into new environments.
This disrupts local ecosystems and threatens biodiversity.

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

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Note

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Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt. Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Environmental Degradation Linked to Trade and Transport

Imagine standing on a pristine beach, only to find it littered with plastic waste and oil slicks.
Or consider a bustling city where smog chokes the air, fueled by emissions from global trade and transport.
These are stark reminders of the environmental costs (externalities) of our interconnected world.

Externalities: Unintended Consequences Caused Indirectly

Externalities are unintended consequences experienced by unrelated third parties, community/society or the environment.
Externalities can be both positive or negative, but in case of environmental externalities of global interactions they tend to be exclusively negative.
Depending on the type of externality, some can just have local impacts on the surrounding communities and places whereas others can have much bigger impacts covering whole countries or even the globe.

Localized Pollution: A Hidden Cost of Global Trade

Oil Spills: Catastrophic and Long-Lasting

Oil spills are one of the most visible and devastating forms of pollution linked to trade.
They occur when oil is accidentally released on land or into the ocean during extraction or transportation.

Case study

British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2010)

In 2010, the BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, releasing nearly 5 million barrels of oil. It was the largest accidental oil spill in history.

The spill caused:

Marine Damage: Destruction of habitats for fish, birds, and marine mammals.
Economic Losses: Billions of dollars lost in tourism and fishing industries, as well as over 65 Billion paid by BP as governmental fines, civil penalties, and environmental restoration fund.
Long-Term Effects: Oil residues persist in the ecosystem, affecting reproduction and growth of marine species.

Note

Oil spills can take decades to fully clean up, and their impacts often extend far beyond the immediate area.

Ballast Water Contamination: An Invisible Threat

Ships use ballast water for stability, but when discharged, it can introduce invasive species and pollutants into new environments.
This disrupts local ecosystems and threatens biodiversity.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

IB Geography 6.2.2 Global Flows and Local Pollution Notes

Environmental Degradation Linked to Trade and Transport

Externalities: Unintended Consequences Caused Indirectly

Localized Pollution: A Hidden Cost of Global Trade

Oil Spills: Catastrophic and Long-Lasting

British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2010)

The spill caused:

Ballast Water Contamination: An Invisible Threat

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Environmental Degradation Linked to Trade and Transport

Externalities: Unintended Consequences Caused Indirectly

Localized Pollution: A Hidden Cost of Global Trade

Oil Spills: Catastrophic and Long-Lasting

British Petroleum (BP) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2010)

The spill caused:

Ballast Water Contamination: An Invisible Threat

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics