IB Geography Topic 6.1.1 Technological and Globalization-driven Risks Revision Notes (HL)

IB Geography Topic 6.1.1 Technological and Globalization-driven Risks Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

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Emerging Threats to Individuals, Businesses, and States

Imagine waking up one morning to find your bank account drained, your personal data exposed, or your business operations halted by a cyberattack.
These scenarios highlight the emerging threats faced by individuals, businesses, and states in our technologically interconnected world.
With the growing interdependence of places, stakeholders operating at different scales (e.g. individuals, businesses, and states) face variety of risks caused by physical (environmental), economic, (geo)political, biological (health-related), and moral (ethical) hazards.
From cybersecurity risks to global supply chain vulnerabilities, understanding these threats is essential for navigating the modern landscape.

Personal and Business Risks

Hacking and Cybersecurity Threats

1. Data Breaches

Data breaches is the act of exploiting vulnerabilities in computer systems or networks to gain unauthorized access to data, functionality, or control.
Data breaches occur when unauthorized individuals access sensitive information, such as financial records or personal identifiers
These breaches can lead to identity theft, financial loss, and reputational damage.

Example

Equifax (2017): Exposed the personal information of over 147 million people, including Social Security numbers and credit data.
Marriott International (2018): Affected around 500 million guests, revealing details like passport numbers, payment information, and personal data.
Facebook (2019): Exposed data of over 530 million users, including phone numbers and personal information, due to a vulnerability in their systems.

2. Ransomware Attacks

Ransomware is a type of malicious software that encrypts a victim's data, demanding payment for its release.
These attacks can paralyze critical systems, from hospitals to government agencies.

Example

The WannaCry attack in 2017 affected over 200,000 systems in 150 countries, including the UK's National Health Service.

3. Identity Theft

Identity theft involves stealing personal information to commit fraud.
This crime is particularly challenging because the perpetrator and victim can be geographically distant, complicating law enforcement efforts.

Note

Certain populations, such as university students and military personnel, are at higher risk due to shared networks and insufficient protection.

Tip

Regularly update passwords and enable two-factor authentication to reduce the risk of hacking.

Surveillance Concerns

1. Government Surveillance

State surveillance has expanded with advancements in technology, raising concerns about privacy and freedom.
Governments can now monitor communications, track online activity, use CCTV cameras and facial recognition systems, as well as intercept data through fiber optic cables.

Example

During the Arab Spring, governments in Egypt and Libya reportedly used surveillance to suppress dissent.
The most known example of digital surveillance state is China. It involves extensive monitoring of citizens using advanced technologies like facial recognition, AI, and big data analytics. It integrates national databases for tracking social behavior, maintains internet censorship through the Great Firewall, and utilizes platforms like the social credit system to regulate and influence citizen conduct.

2. Corporate Data Collection

Corporations also collect vast amounts of personal data for targeted advertising and market analysis.
While this can enhance consumer experiences, it raises questions about consent and data security.

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Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

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Note

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Tip

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IB Geography 6.1.1 Technological and Globalization-driven Risks Notes

Emerging Threats to Individuals, Businesses, and States

Personal and Business Risks

Hacking and Cybersecurity Threats

1. Data Breaches

2. Ransomware Attacks

3. Identity Theft

Surveillance Concerns

1. Government Surveillance

2. Corporate Data Collection

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Emerging Threats to Individuals, Businesses, and States

Personal and Business Risks

Hacking and Cybersecurity Threats

1. Data Breaches

2. Ransomware Attacks

3. Identity Theft

Surveillance Concerns

1. Government Surveillance

2. Corporate Data Collection

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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

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1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

IB Geography 6.1.1 Technological and Globalization-driven Risks Notes

1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

Emerging Threats to Individuals, Businesses, and States

Personal and Business Risks

Hacking and Cybersecurity Threats

1. Data Breaches

2. Ransomware Attacks

3. Identity Theft

Surveillance Concerns

1. Government Surveillance

2. Corporate Data Collection

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Emerging Threats to Individuals, Businesses, and States

Personal and Business Risks

Hacking and Cybersecurity Threats

1. Data Breaches

2. Ransomware Attacks

3. Identity Theft

Surveillance Concerns

1. Government Surveillance

2. Corporate Data Collection

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account