IB Geography Topic 2.2.4 Synthesis and Evaluation Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Geography Topic 2.2.4 Synthesis and Evaluation Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

Written by official IB examiners

Uneven Spatial Impacts of Climate Change

Climate change affects the entire planet, but its impacts are not evenly distributed.
Low-Income Countries (LICs) are particularly vulnerable due to their limited resources and adaptive capacity.

Why Are LICs More Vulnerable?

1. Economic Constraints

LICs often lack the financial resources needed for climate adaptation measures like building sea walls, improving infrastructure, or investing in sustainable agriculture.

Example

Bangladesh, a low-lying country, faces severe flooding risks but struggles to fund large-scale flood defenses.

2. Dependence on Climate-Sensitive Sectors

Many LICs rely heavily on agriculture, which is highly sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation.

Example

Some areas in Sub-Saharan Africa (e.g. Sahel, Horn of Africa, South Africa) are experiencing reduced crop yields due to prolonged droughts, threatening food security.

3. Limited Access to Technology

Advanced technologies for monitoring, predicting, and mitigating climate impacts are often inaccessible to LICs.

Example

Early warning systems for extreme weather events are sparse in regions like the Caribbean, increasing vulnerability to hurricanes.

4. Social and Political Factors

High population densities, poor governance, and political instability can exacerbate climate impacts.

Example

Haiti struggles with uncontrolled deforestation and soil erosion, worsening the effects of hurricanes and floods.

Note

While all countries face climate challenges, LICs are disproportionately affected due to systemic inequalities.

Key Impacts on LICs

1. Rising Sea Levels

Coastal areas in LICs are at high risk of flooding and erosion.

Example

Kiribati and the Maldives face existential threats, with rising seas displacing communities and contaminating freshwater supplies.

2. Water Scarcity

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Note

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Uneven Spatial Impacts of Climate Change

Climate change affects the entire planet, but its impacts are not evenly distributed.
Low-Income Countries (LICs) are particularly vulnerable due to their limited resources and adaptive capacity.

Why Are LICs More Vulnerable?

1. Economic Constraints

LICs often lack the financial resources needed for climate adaptation measures like building sea walls, improving infrastructure, or investing in sustainable agriculture.

Example

Bangladesh, a low-lying country, faces severe flooding risks but struggles to fund large-scale flood defenses.

2. Dependence on Climate-Sensitive Sectors

Many LICs rely heavily on agriculture, which is highly sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation.

Example

Some areas in Sub-Saharan Africa (e.g. Sahel, Horn of Africa, South Africa) are experiencing reduced crop yields due to prolonged droughts, threatening food security.

3. Limited Access to Technology

Advanced technologies for monitoring, predicting, and mitigating climate impacts are often inaccessible to LICs.

Example

Early warning systems for extreme weather events are sparse in regions like the Caribbean, increasing vulnerability to hurricanes.

4. Social and Political Factors

High population densities, poor governance, and political instability can exacerbate climate impacts.

Example

Haiti struggles with uncontrolled deforestation and soil erosion, worsening the effects of hurricanes and floods.

Note

While all countries face climate challenges, LICs are disproportionately affected due to systemic inequalities.

Key Impacts on LICs

1. Rising Sea Levels

Coastal areas in LICs are at high risk of flooding and erosion.

Example

Kiribati and the Maldives face existential threats, with rising seas displacing communities and contaminating freshwater supplies.

2. Water Scarcity

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

IB Geography 2.2.4 Synthesis and Evaluation Notes

1 Changing Population3 subtopics

2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience3 subtopics

3 Global Resource Consumption and Security3 subtopics

4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)3 subtopics

5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)3 subtopics

6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)3 subtopics

Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins4 subtopics

Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins4 subtopics

Option C Extreme Environments4 subtopics

Option D Geophysical Hazards4 subtopics

Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport4 subtopics

Option F The Geography of Food and Health4 subtopics

Option G Urban Environments5 subtopics

Uneven Spatial Impacts of Climate Change

Why Are LICs More Vulnerable?

1. Economic Constraints

2. Dependence on Climate-Sensitive Sectors

3. Limited Access to Technology

4. Social and Political Factors

Key Impacts on LICs

1. Rising Sea Levels

2. Water Scarcity

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Uneven Spatial Impacts of Climate Change

Why Are LICs More Vulnerable?

1. Economic Constraints

2. Dependence on Climate-Sensitive Sectors

3. Limited Access to Technology

4. Social and Political Factors

Key Impacts on LICs

1. Rising Sea Levels

2. Water Scarcity

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account