IB Geography 2.1.3 Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Notes

Human-induced Emissions Are Increasing

Emission Trends Reflect Industrialization and Urbanization

1. The anthropogenic greenhouse emissions include variety of gasses with carbon dioxide accounting for ~75% of human-induced emissions.
2. The CO₂ emissions have been increasing since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
3. Originally most of the CO₂ emissions came from HICs - in 1980 the US and Europe constituted two thirds of the emissions.
4. Since the end of the 20th Century the emissions have significantly increased in Asian RICs and emerging economies while they have declined in some HICs (especially in the EU).
5. Now the largest emitters are: China (31%), the US (13%), India (8%), and the EU (6%)

Emissions Pattern Reflects Global Shift in Demographic and Economic Processes

1. The CO₂ emissions are influenced mostly by:
   1. The Size of the Population: More demand for energy and food leads to higher levels of emissions.
   2. The Amount of Energy Used per Person: This reflects the level of socio-economic development.
   3. The Energy Mix: Using more nuclear and renewable energy allows for reducing emissions.
2. Consequently, the largest emitters per capita are still HICs, especially the ones relying on fossil fuels and remaining energy inefficient, e.g. Australia, Canada, Saudi Arabia, US, Qatar (the highest per capita emitter).
3. The lowest levels of per capita emissions are in LICs, especially in LDCs.
4. The major challenge the world faces are future emission trends reflecting further population growth (e.g. in India and in Africa), as well as economic growth powered by fossil fuels.