Soil profile
A soil profile is a vertical section of soil that reveals distinct horizons, each formed by long-term interactions of organic and inorganic materials.
| Horizon | Description |
|---|---|
| O horizon (organic) | Surface layer of decomposing plant and animal matter (litter, humus). Common in forests and grasslands. |
| A horizon (topsoil) | Dark, nutrient-rich layer where most roots grow. High in organic matter. |
| E horizon (eluviation) | Zone of leaching, where minerals are washed downward. Found in some heavily weathered soils. |
| B horizon (subsoil) | Accumulates minerals leached from above. Little organic material. |
| C horizon (parent material) | Weathered rock from which the soil develops. |
| R layer (bedrock) | Unweathered rock beneath the soil. |
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