IB Environmental systems and societies Topic 2.1O Knowledge of Species' Classification Revision Notes (HL)

IB Environmental systems and societies Topic 2.1O Knowledge of Species' Classification Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

Written by official IB examiners

Reading a Species Through Three Lenses to Predict Human Impact

Knowing a species' classification, niche, and life cycle lets us predict and assess how human pressures affect it.
1. Classification places the species in a food web and shows which relationships collapse if it declines.
2. Niche shows the exact resources and conditions it needs, so we can see which human pressure removes them.
3. Life cycle shows the timing and stages of reproduction, so we can spot where disruption breaks the chain.

The three strands below apply these lenses to climate change, habitat loss, and pollution.

Climate Change: When Warming Breaks the Timing of Life Cycles

Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial emissions are warming the climate and shifting seasons.
This alters the temperature, rainfall, and daylight cues that trigger breeding and migration.

Phenological Shifts

Warmer temperatures and changed day length push species to flower, breed, or migrate earlier than before.
Species tuned to seasonal cues now face mismatched signals that harm feeding and reproduction.

Example

Many temperate plants now flower weeks earlier than in past decades because of warmer springs.
This causes pollination mismatches when bees or butterflies have not yet emerged, lowering seed production.

Trophic Mismatches

Warming can desynchronise interdependent species across trophic levels.
When prey peak before predators breed, food runs short at the most critical time.

Example

The pied flycatcher migrates to Europe in spring to feed its chicks on caterpillars.
Warmer springs make caterpillars peak earlier, so chicks hatch after the food has gone, cutting reproductive success.

Polar Ecosystems

Melting sea ice shifts the seasonal cycles of polar species.

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Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
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Reading a Species Through Three Lenses to Predict Human Impact

Knowing a species' classification, niche, and life cycle lets us predict and assess how human pressures affect it.
1. Classification places the species in a food web and shows which relationships collapse if it declines.
2. Niche shows the exact resources and conditions it needs, so we can see which human pressure removes them.
3. Life cycle shows the timing and stages of reproduction, so we can spot where disruption breaks the chain.

The three strands below apply these lenses to climate change, habitat loss, and pollution.

Climate Change: When Warming Breaks the Timing of Life Cycles

Burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial emissions are warming the climate and shifting seasons.
This alters the temperature, rainfall, and daylight cues that trigger breeding and migration.

Phenological Shifts

Warmer temperatures and changed day length push species to flower, breed, or migrate earlier than before.
Species tuned to seasonal cues now face mismatched signals that harm feeding and reproduction.

Example

Many temperate plants now flower weeks earlier than in past decades because of warmer springs.
This causes pollination mismatches when bees or butterflies have not yet emerged, lowering seed production.

Trophic Mismatches

Warming can desynchronise interdependent species across trophic levels.
When prey peak before predators breed, food runs short at the most critical time.

Example

The pied flycatcher migrates to Europe in spring to feed its chicks on caterpillars.
Warmer springs make caterpillars peak earlier, so chicks hatch after the food has gone, cutting reproductive success.

Polar Ecosystems

Melting sea ice shifts the seasonal cycles of polar species.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

Topic 1: Foundation 3 subtopics

Topic 2: Ecology5 subtopics

Topic 3: Conservation and biodiversity3 subtopics

Topic 4: Water4 subtopics

Topic 5: Land2 subtopics

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change4 subtopics

Topic 7: Natural resources3 subtopics

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems3 subtopics

HL lenses 3 subtopics

IB Environmental systems and societies 2.1O Knowledge of Species' Classification Notes

Topic 1: Foundation 3 subtopics

Topic 2: Ecology5 subtopics

Topic 3: Conservation and biodiversity3 subtopics

Topic 4: Water4 subtopics

Topic 5: Land2 subtopics

Topic 6: Atmosphere and climate change4 subtopics

Topic 7: Natural resources3 subtopics

Topic 8: Human populations and urban systems3 subtopics

HL lenses 3 subtopics

Reading a Species Through Three Lenses to Predict Human Impact

Climate Change: When Warming Breaks the Timing of Life Cycles

Phenological Shifts

Trophic Mismatches

Polar Ecosystems

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

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Reading a Species Through Three Lenses to Predict Human Impact

Climate Change: When Warming Breaks the Timing of Life Cycles

Phenological Shifts

Trophic Mismatches

Polar Ecosystems

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account