Drama

Drama is a form of literature designed to be performed. It combines dialogue, action, staging, and character interaction to explore human experiences. In IB Literature, you analyse how playwrights use dramatic conventions and techniquesto shape meaning, create tension, and develop character.

10 Core Elements of Drama

1. Setting – Time and place of the action
2. Set – What is visually present on stage (furniture, background)
3. Props – Objects used by characters that carry meaning
4. Sound – Music, noise, silence used for tension or symbolism
5. Lighting – Directs focus, sets mood, symbolises change or emotion
6. Character – Built through STEAL (Speech, Thoughts, Effects on others, Actions, Looks)
7. Plot – Follows structure: Exposition → Rising Action → Climax → Falling Action → Resolution
8. Stage Directions – Guide actors’ movement, tone, gesture
9. Dialogue – Language and tone reveal relationships, status, inner conflict
10. Tension / Mood / Atmosphere – Emotional intensity shaped by all other elements

Key Dramatic Features and Terms to Know

Structure and Conflict

1. Exposition – Introduces setting, characters, conflict
2. Rising Action – Complications build tension
3. Climax – Turning point of emotional or dramatic intensity
4. Falling Action – After the climax, tensions ease
5. Resolution / Denouement – Conflict resolves (or is left unresolved)
6. Conflict – Internal or external struggles (e.g. character vs self, society, fate)

Language and Dialogue

1. Aside – Character speaks directly to audience (breaks fourth wall)
2. Soliloquy – Character speaks inner thoughts aloud (alone on stage)
3. Dramatic Monologue – Extended speech to a silent listener
4. Dramatic Irony – Audience knows more than the characters
5. Foreshadowing – Hints at future events
6. Pathos – Evokes pity or sympathy
7. Catharsis – Emotional release experienced by the audience

Characterisation Techniques

1. Direct – Traits are stated
2. Indirect – Revealed through action, speech, and others’ reactions
3. Foil – A character who contrasts with another to highlight traits
4. Anagnorisis – A moment of realisation
5. Tragic Flaw / Hamartia – Weakness that leads to downfall
6. Tragic Hero – Noble figure brought low by fate and flaw

Stage and Visual Features

1. Stage Directions – Tell us how characters move, behave, or feel
2. Gesture / Movement – Body language enhances meaning
3. Lighting – May suggest mood, time of day, or emotion
4. Sound – Builds atmosphere (e.g. silence = tension)
5. Set / Props – Symbolic or practical objects that deepen setting

How to Read and Annotate a Drama Excerpt

First Reading:

1. Understand what’s literally happening
2. Identify characters, setting, conflict
3. Highlight any unfamiliar vocabulary or expressions

Second Reading:

1. Focus on stage directions and how they guide performance
2. Pay attention to tone, repetition, pauses, and interruptions
3. Ask: How does this scene develop character or move the plot?

Third Reading:

1. Analyse how dramatic features work together