Writing With Structure and Authority
- These text types are less about personal expression and more about presenting balanced ideas, evidence, and logical solutions.
- Examiners check whether you can structure your argument and follow conventions precisely.
Essays
Definition
Essay
A structured text that develops a central argument with evidence and analysis.
- Purpose, Audience & Register
- Purpose: Present and develop an argument, weigh perspectives, or analyse an issue.
- Audience: Academic or school community.
- Register: Formal, objective, reasoned.
- Layout & Conventions
- Title (optional but recommended).
- Introduction with thesis or main idea.
- Body paragraphs, each with one clear point.
- Linking phrases to connect ideas.
- Conclusion summarising and reinforcing main argument.
- Essays are not stories
- Many students slip into narration.
- Essays must argue, not recount.
Key Features
- Tone: Analytical, balanced.
- Vocabulary: Connectors (“on the other hand,” “therefore,” “in contrast”), topic-specific terms, impersonal style.
Think about your TOK essay :)
How to Write an Essay
- Open with context and a thesis line.
- Develop each paragraph around one reason, with an example, or examples.
- Use linkers to move smoothly between ideas.
- Summarise and restate your stance in the conclusion.
Reports
Definition
Report
A factual, structured document that analyses a situation and suggests recommendations.
- Purpose, Audience & Register
- Purpose: Present information clearly and objectively, often with recommendations.
- Audience: Committees, schools, organisations.
- Register: Formal, factual.
- Layout & Conventions
- Title.
- Introduction stating aim or purpose.
