Evolution of computing
Computing has evolved significantly over the years, transitioning through various generations and technological advancements.
NoteThe evolution of computing is often divided into five generations, each marked by significant technological advancements.
Common MistakeMany computer scientists debate on how many generations of computer evolution there are. The usual debate is that there is between 4 and 6 generations, but 5 generations is the most widely accepted classification.
First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)
- Vacuum Tubes:
- Used for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
- Bulky, expensive, and generated a lot of heat.
- Programming:
- Done in machine language (binary code).
- Slow and prone to errors.
- Examples:
- ENIAC, UNIVAC
Research how the term "bug" got its name in the context of computer programming by researching the bug of Harvard Mark II computer.
Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963)
- Transistors:
- Replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster, and more reliable.
- Consumed less power and generated less heat.
- Programming:
- Introduction of assembly language and high-level languages like COBOL and FORTRAN.
- Examples:
- IBM 7094, UNIVAC 1108
Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)
- Integrated Circuits (ICs):
- Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, leading to integrated circuits.
- Enabled faster processing and reduced the size of computers.
- Operating Systems:
- Introduction of operating systems allowed multiple applications to run simultaneously.
- Examples:
- IBM 360, PDP-8
While there are debates, many computer scientists agree that the third generation of computers was one of the most revolutionary ones, due to its introduction of circuits, operating systems, input devices, etc.
