According to Rogers there are five categories of consumer. Which of the following best describes an Innovator?

Explain how copyright is used in the creative arts as a method of protecting intellectualproperty (IP).

Explain one strategy a musician would use to protect a new song.

Rogers is well known for characterizing aspects of innovation.

What is the term given to product improvements over previous generations?

Rogers identifies five characteristics that impact on consumer adoption of an innovation. Which of the following terms best describes Rogers’ characteristic of relative advantage?

Choosing the right material(s) for a product such as a bridge is a complex and difficult task aseach one has different physical, aesthetic and mechanical properties. In addition, there may beenvironmental, social, cultural, moral and ethical issues associated with the choice of material(s).

The Anzac Bridge in Sydney, Australia is a cable-stayed bridge made of reinforced concrete andsteel cable, see Figure 6. There is a patent on the cables.

In other cases, bridge designers have used traditional materials such as wood. Figure 7 shows atimber bridge in Canada.

Figure 7: A timber bridge

[Source: 'File:Wood bridge Montmorency.jpg'by Cephasis marked with CC BY-SA 3.0. To view the terms, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/?ref=openverse\]

The Volkswagen (VW) Beetle is considered a design classic. In the 1999 car of the centurycompetition it came fourth (after the Ford Model T, Mini and Citroen DS).

Since the production of the first car in 1941 the car has changed very little in appearance,see Figure 10. Initially the bodywork was made of steel, but more recently this has changedto a range of materials such as alloys, composites and plastics.

Other materials that make up the VW Beetle have also changed. For example, thewindscreen (windshield) is made of laminated glass whereas it was originally made oftoughened glass.

One way that a product may be considered as a design classic is by the length of thematurity phase in the product life cycle.

Which type of obsolescence best describes a product that has been replaced due to changes of consumer tastes?

Explain how the mobile phone can be classified as disruptive innovation.

Figure 1 shows the rapid increase in global plastics production. Concerns have been raisedabout the environmental impact as vast quantities of discarded plastics are found in theoceans, like the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP).

**
Figure 1: World global plastics production (1950–2015)**

Some countries have developed strategies to recover these plastics. These strategies havebeen more successful in some countries than others. Figure 2 compares the percentage ofplastics recovered in European countries.

**
Figure 2: Plastic – wasted or recovered?**

Figure 1: Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser (2018) - “Plastic Pollution”. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrievedfrom: https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution [Online Resource]. Source: based on Jambeck et al (2015)and
Eriksen et al (2014). Icon graphics from Noun Project. Data is based on global estimates from Jambeck
(2015) based on plastic waste generation rates, coastal pollution sizes, and waste management practices
by country. This is a visualization from OurWorldDate.org, where you will find data and research on how
the__world is changing. License underCC-BY-SA by the authors Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
https://__creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/[Accessed 20 April 2020]. Source adapted.

Figure 2: © DEUTSCHE WELLE.

Many governments have introduced legislation to ban single-use plastic straws. As a resultmany customers have started to use metal straws, see Figure 3.

Figure 3: Different types of straw

Figure 3: s-cphoto / iStock.