Life-cycle analysis
The evaluation of a product’s environmental impact across five stages: pre-production, production, distribution, use, and disposal.
A life-cycle analysis, also called a life-cycle assessment (LCA), is a structured, internationally standardised way to work out a product's environmental impact across its whole life. It lets designers analyse that impact factually rather than by guesswork or marketing claims.
Analysing early matters because a large share of a product's environmental impact is effectively decided at the design stage: research suggests 80 to 90 percent of a product's committed costs and impacts are locked in there. Building an LCA into the design phase lets a designer cut waste and negative impacts before they are set, and greener products can also appeal to eco-conscious consumers and strengthen a brand. Crucially, an LCA is a decision-support tool: it supplies the data, but it does not make the decision for you.
An LCA is not only about reducing negative impacts; it also identifies opportunities for innovation and more sustainable design.
An LCA follows a product from 'cradle to grave' across five stages. Each stage draws in inputs such as energy and raw materials and gives off outputs such as emissions and waste, and each carries its own environmental cost.
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