Subtractive manufacturing (the category defined in A4.1.1) shapes a component by starting with a solid block and cutting material away until only the part remains. The removed material, known as swarf or waste, is carried off as chips, dust or offcuts. Because it can hold very fine tolerances, subtractive machining is a mainstay of precision engineering.
Machining
Machining is the process of manufacturing components by using machines to cut, shape, or finish materials.
In machining, a hard cutting tool (today usually a tungsten carbide or ceramic insert) moves across the workpiece and slices material from its surface. The chips it produces, the swarf, must be cleared cleanly so they do not damage the tool or the part, and machined surfaces can be made to very fine tolerances.
Cutting
Cutting is the removal of material by applying force that shears or fractures the workpiece.
Cutting is the most direct form: material is sheared or fractured away with a tool. Saws make straight or curved cuts in wood, metal and plastic, while lasers slice intricate shapes with great precision and very little waste, which is common where precision is critical, such as aerospace and medical device manufacturing.
Milling
Milling is a machining process that uses rotary cutters to remove material, allowing for the creation of complex shapes and surfaces.
Milling uses a rotating cutter head, studded with cutting inserts, to remove material from a workpiece held on a bed that moves it through the cutting area. Face milling cuts flat surfaces, while end milling carves slots, pockets and contours. It is widely used to make engine components and lightweight aerospace parts.
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