IB Computer Science C.2.3 How Web Crawlers Function Notes

They are also known as bots, spiders, or web robots.

How Web Crawlers Work

Starting with Seed URLs

1. Crawlers begin with a list of seed URLs, which are the initial web addresses to visit.
2. These URLs are often well-known or frequently updated websites.

Fetching Web Pages

1. The crawler sends HTTP requests to the seed URLs to retrieve the web pages.
2. The server responds with the HTML content of the page.

Parsing and Extracting Data

1. The crawler parses the HTML content to extract useful information, such as text, metadata, and links to other pages.
2. This data is stored in a database for further processing.

Following Links

1. Crawlers identify hyperlinks within the HTML content and add them to a list of URLs to visit next.
2. This process allows the crawler to navigate the web, discovering new pages.

Respecting Robots.txt

1. Websites can control crawler behavior using a robots.txt file, which specifies which pages should or should not be crawled.
2. Crawlers check this file before accessing a site to ensure they follow the site's rules.

Handling Duplicate Content

1. Crawlers encounter many pages with duplicate content, such as mirrored sites or repeated articles.
2. They use algorithms to identify and avoid indexing redundant information.

Challenges Faced by Web Crawlers

Scalability

1. The web is vast and constantly growing, making it challenging for crawlers to keep up.
2. Crawlers must balance speed and resource usage to avoid overloading servers.

Dynamic Content

1. Modern websites often use JavaScript to load content dynamically, which traditional crawlers may not handle.
2. Advanced crawlers use headless browsers to render and extract dynamic content.

Politeness and Throttling

1. Crawlers must avoid sending too many requests to a single server, which can cause performance issues.
2. They implement politeness policies, such as waiting between requests or limiting concurrent connections.

Applications of Web Crawlers

1. Search Engines: Crawlers build and update indexes for search engines like Google and Bing.
2. Data Mining: Businesses use crawlers to gather market data, monitor competitors, or track trends.
3. Archiving: Organizations like the Internet Archive use crawlers to preserve web content for future reference.