Key Functions of an Operating System
Operating system (OS)
An operating system (OS) is the bridge between the user, applications, and the hardware of a computer system. It abstracts the complexities of hardware, managing system resources and providing a stable environment for applications to run.
Why do we need an Operating System? Because it is responsible for:
- Memory Management
- Resource Monitoring and Multitasking
- Disk Access and Data Management
- Peripheral Communication
- Security
In short, operating systems are essential for the seamless operation of computer systems, providing a stable and secure environment for applications to run.
Memory Management
Memory management is a core function of an operating system, responsible for allocating and managing the computer's memory resources. Formally:
- Allocation and DeallocationThe OS assigns memory to applications and reclaims it when no longer needed.
- IsolationEnsures that each application operates in its own memory space, preventing interference.
- Virtual MemoryExtends physical memory by using disk space, allowing larger applications to run.
Resource Monitoring and Multitasking
The OS manages hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and I/O devices to ensure efficient operation. It is responsible for:
- Processor SchedulingAllocates CPU time to applications, enabling multitasking.
- Resource AllocationDistributes resources like memory and disk space based on application needs.
Disk Access and Data Management
The OS handles data storage and retrieval on disk drives, ensuring efficient and reliable access. It is achieved via:
- File System ManagementOrganises data into files and directories.
- Data IntegrityPrevents data corruption by managing concurrent access to files.
Windows primarily uses the NTFS (New Technology File System).
Peripheral Communication
The OS facilitates communication between the computer and peripheral devices such as keyboards, printers, and monitors.
- Device DriversSoftware components that enable the OS to interact with hardware devices.
- Input/Output ManagementCoordinates data transfer between the CPU and peripherals.
Security
The OS plays a vital role in protecting the system from unauthorised access and ensuring data privacy. For instance, OS provides:
- Authentication: Verifies user identities through methods like passwords or biometric data.
- Access Control: Restricts user permissions to prevent unauthorised actions.
- How does the operating system manage memory?
- Why isolation between applications is essential for system stability?
- What is the relationship between multitasking and resource allocation in an operating system?
