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Allotrope
One of two or more different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state. Diamond, graphite, graphene, and fullerenes are all allotropes of carbon.
Oxidation state
The oxidation state (or oxidation number) is a numerical value assigned to an atom in a compound. It is the hypothetical charge the atom would have if every bond were treated as fully ionic (bonding electrons assigned to the more electronegative atom).