IB Chemistry Topic S3.1.1 the Structure of the Periodic Table Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Chemistry Topic S3.1.1 the Structure of the Periodic Table Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

The Structure of the Periodic Table: Periods, Groups, and Blocks

The periodic table is divided into periods, groups, and blocks, each serving a specific role in organizing elements based on their electronic structure and properties.

Periods: Horizontal Rows

The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods.
Each period corresponds to the principal quantum number $n$, which represents the highest energy level occupied by electrons in an atom of an element in that row.
As you move across a period, the number of protons in the nucleus increases.
This stronger nuclear attraction pulls the electrons closer, leading to trends like decreasing atomic radius and increasing ionization energy.

Example

In period 2, elements like lithium ($n = 2$) and oxygen ($n = 2$) have their valence electrons in the second energy level.

Tip

Remember, the period number indicates the outermost energy level of an element’s electrons.
For example, elements in period 3 have valence electrons in the $n = 3$ energy level.

Groups: Vertical Columns

The vertical columns of the periodic table are called groups.
Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, which explains their similar chemical properties.
Group Numbers:
1. Groups are numbered from 1 to 18.
2. For groups 1 and 2, the group number equals the number of valence electrons.
3. For groups 13–18, the last digit of the group number corresponds to the number of valence electrons.
Chemical Similarity:

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The Structure of the Periodic Table: Periods, Groups, and Blocks

The periodic table is divided into periods, groups, and blocks, each serving a specific role in organizing elements based on their electronic structure and properties.

Periods: Horizontal Rows

The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods.
Each period corresponds to the principal quantum number $n$, which represents the highest energy level occupied by electrons in an atom of an element in that row.
As you move across a period, the number of protons in the nucleus increases.
This stronger nuclear attraction pulls the electrons closer, leading to trends like decreasing atomic radius and increasing ionization energy.

Example

In period 2, elements like lithium ($n = 2$) and oxygen ($n = 2$) have their valence electrons in the second energy level.

Tip

Remember, the period number indicates the outermost energy level of an element’s electrons.
For example, elements in period 3 have valence electrons in the $n = 3$ energy level.

Groups: Vertical Columns

The vertical columns of the periodic table are called groups.
Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, which explains their similar chemical properties.
Group Numbers:
1. Groups are numbered from 1 to 18.
2. For groups 1 and 2, the group number equals the number of valence electrons.
3. For groups 13–18, the last digit of the group number corresponds to the number of valence electrons.
Chemical Similarity:

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Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure4 subtopics

Structure 3. Classification of matter2 subtopics

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?4 subtopics

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?3 subtopics

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?4 subtopics

IB Chemistry S3.1.1 the Structure of the Periodic Table Notes

Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure4 subtopics

Structure 3. Classification of matter2 subtopics

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?4 subtopics

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?3 subtopics

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?4 subtopics

The Structure of the Periodic Table: Periods, Groups, and Blocks

Periods: Horizontal Rows

Groups: Vertical Columns

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The Structure of the Periodic Table: Periods, Groups, and Blocks

Periods: Horizontal Rows

Groups: Vertical Columns

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