IB Chemistry Topic S2.2.16 Hybridization and Bonding Revision Notes (HL)

IB Chemistry Topic S2.2.16 Hybridization and Bonding Revision Notes (HL) | RevisionDojo

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Hybridization and Molecular Geometry

Definition

Hybridization

Hybridization is the process of combining atomic orbitals (such as s and p orbitals) to create new hybrid orbitals that are better suited for bonding.

These hybrid orbitals have specific shapes and energy levels that enable atoms to form stable bonds and geometries.

Key Features of Hybridization:

Number of Hybrid Orbitals: The number of hybrid orbitals equals the number of atomic orbitals combined.
Energy and Shape: Within a given hybridization, the hybrid orbitals are equivalent in energy and have specific geometries that minimize electron repulsion.
Electron Domains and Hybridization: The type of hybridization corresponds to the number of electron domains (bonding and lone pairs) around the central atom.

Tip

Remember, hybridization depends on the number of electron domains around the central atom, not just the number of bonds.

Types of Hybridization: sp, sp², and sp³

sp Hybridization

What Happens? One s orbital and one p orbital mix to form two sp hybrid orbitals. The remaining two p orbitals remain unhybridized.
Geometry: Linear, with bond angles of 180°.

Example

In ethyne (C₂H₂), each carbon has two electron domains (a triple bond and a single bond).
This corresponds to sp hybridization, resulting in a linear geometry.

sp² Hybridization

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Note

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Tip

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Hybridization and Molecular Geometry

Definition

Hybridization

Hybridization is the process of combining atomic orbitals (such as s and p orbitals) to create new hybrid orbitals that are better suited for bonding.

These hybrid orbitals have specific shapes and energy levels that enable atoms to form stable bonds and geometries.

Key Features of Hybridization:

Number of Hybrid Orbitals: The number of hybrid orbitals equals the number of atomic orbitals combined.
Energy and Shape: Within a given hybridization, the hybrid orbitals are equivalent in energy and have specific geometries that minimize electron repulsion.
Electron Domains and Hybridization: The type of hybridization corresponds to the number of electron domains (bonding and lone pairs) around the central atom.

Tip

Remember, hybridization depends on the number of electron domains around the central atom, not just the number of bonds.

Types of Hybridization: sp, sp², and sp³

sp Hybridization

What Happens? One s orbital and one p orbital mix to form two sp hybrid orbitals. The remaining two p orbitals remain unhybridized.
Geometry: Linear, with bond angles of 180°.

Example

In ethyne (C₂H₂), each carbon has two electron domains (a triple bond and a single bond).
This corresponds to sp hybridization, resulting in a linear geometry.

sp² Hybridization

Definition

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Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure4 subtopics

Structure 3. Classification of matter2 subtopics

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?4 subtopics

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?3 subtopics

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?4 subtopics

IB Chemistry S2.2.16 Hybridization and Bonding Notes

Structure 1. Models of the particulate nature of matter5 subtopics

Structure 2. Models of bonding and structure4 subtopics

Structure 3. Classification of matter2 subtopics

Reactivity 1. What drives chemical reactions?4 subtopics

Reactivity 2. How much, how fast and how far?3 subtopics

Reactivity 3. What are the mechanisms of chemical change?4 subtopics

Hybridization and Molecular Geometry

Key Features of Hybridization:

Types of Hybridization: sp, sp², and sp³

sp Hybridization

sp² Hybridization

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Hybridization and Molecular Geometry

Key Features of Hybridization:

Types of Hybridization: sp, sp², and sp³

sp Hybridization

sp² Hybridization

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

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