Ion
An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge.
Ions are classified into two main types: cations and anions.
Cation
A cation is formed when an atom loses one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive charge.
Metals, which are found on the left side of the periodic table, tend to lose electrons because they have relatively low ionization energies.
Sodium (Na) loses one electron to form a sodium ion:
$$ \text{Na} \rightarrow \text{Na}^+ + e^- $$
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