IB Biology Topic D2.3.1 Solvation with Water as the Solvent Revision Notes (SL/HL)

IB Biology Topic D2.3.1 Solvation with Water as the Solvent Revision Notes (SL/HL) | RevisionDojo

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Water Dissolves Substances by Surrounding Their Particles

When you add sugar to your tea, the sugar disappears and leaves a sweet solution.
This process is called solvation, and it is driven by the unique properties of water.

Definition

Solvation

Solvation is the process where solvent molecules surround and interact with solute particles, stabilizing them in solution.

Water Is a Good Solvent Because of Its Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding

Polarity of Water

Water molecules have a bent shape, with oxygen at one end and hydrogen atoms at the other.
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so it pulls the shared electrons closer to itself.
This creates a partial negative charge ($\delta^-$) near the oxygen and a partial positive charge ($\delta^+$) near the hydrogens.

Analogy

Think of a water molecule as a tiny magnet, with one end slightly negative and the other slightly positive.

Hydrogen Bonding Between Water Molecules

These partial charges let water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other.
1. The $\delta^+$ hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the $\delta^-$ oxygen of another.

Example

When sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves, the Na⁺ ions are surrounded by the partially negative oxygen ends of water molecules.
The Cl⁻ ions are surrounded by the partially positive hydrogen ends.

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Note

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Tip

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

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Water Dissolves Substances by Surrounding Their Particles

When you add sugar to your tea, the sugar disappears and leaves a sweet solution.
This process is called solvation, and it is driven by the unique properties of water.

Definition

Solvation

Solvation is the process where solvent molecules surround and interact with solute particles, stabilizing them in solution.

Water Is a Good Solvent Because of Its Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding

Polarity of Water

Water molecules have a bent shape, with oxygen at one end and hydrogen atoms at the other.
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so it pulls the shared electrons closer to itself.
This creates a partial negative charge ($\delta^-$) near the oxygen and a partial positive charge ($\delta^+$) near the hydrogens.

Analogy

Think of a water molecule as a tiny magnet, with one end slightly negative and the other slightly positive.

Hydrogen Bonding Between Water Molecules

These partial charges let water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other.
1. The $\delta^+$ hydrogen of one water molecule is attracted to the $\delta^-$ oxygen of another.

Example

When sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves, the Na⁺ ions are surrounded by the partially negative oxygen ends of water molecules.
The Cl⁻ ions are surrounded by the partially positive hydrogen ends.

Definition

Paywall

(on a website) an arrangement whereby access is restricted to users who have paid to subscribe to the site.

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Note

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam quis nostrud exercitation.

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Tip

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris.
Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum.

A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics

IB Biology Topic D2.3.1: Solvation with Water as the Solvent Notes

A - Unity and Diversity9 subtopics

B - Form and Function10 subtopics

C - Interaction and Interdependence9 subtopics

D - Continuity and Change12 subtopics

Water Dissolves Substances by Surrounding Their Particles

Water Is a Good Solvent Because of Its Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding

Polarity of Water

Hydrogen Bonding Between Water Molecules

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account

Water Dissolves Substances by Surrounding Their Particles

Water Is a Good Solvent Because of Its Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding

Polarity of Water

Hydrogen Bonding Between Water Molecules

anim nostrud sit dolore minim proident quis fugiat velit et eiusmod nulla quis nulla mollit dolor sunt culpa aliqua

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit

Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident

Unlock the rest of this chapter with a free account