Notes for A3.1.7 Karyotyping and karyograms - IB | RevisionDojo
A3.1.7 Karyotyping and karyograms Notes
Three Main Criteria Are used To Classify Chromosomes
Banding Patterns
When stained with dyes like Giemsa, chromosomes show light and dark bands unique to each chromosome.
These act like a barcode, helping identify specific chromosomes and detect deletions, duplications, or translocations.
Length
Chromosomes are arranged in a karyogram from longest to shortest.
In humans, chromosome 1 is the longest and chromosome 21 is among the shortest.
Centromere Position: The centromere divides the chromosome into two arms (p = short, q = long).
Types of Chromosomes
Karyotypes and Karyograms
A karyotype describes the complete chromosome set of an organism (number, size, and structure).
A karyogram is the visual arrangement of those chromosomes in homologous pairs, typically ordered by decreasing size.
Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs):
22 pairs of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY)
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Questions
Recap questions
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Question 1
Recap question
A researcher lists the chromosome number, size, shape, and banding pattern of an individual without arranging any images. What term best describes this compilation?
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Note
Introduction to Karyotyping
A karyotype is the complete set of chromosomes in an organism, organized in pairs.
Karyotyping is the process of arranging and analyzing these chromosomes.
It helps identify genetic abnormalities and understand evolutionary relationships.
AnalogyThink of a karyotype as a "chromosome family photo," where each pair of chromosomes is lined up for inspection.
DefinitionKaryotypeThe number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
