In the IB Biology syllabus, Topic 2.3 focuses on Carbohydrates and Lipids. These biomolecules are crucial for various biological functions, including energy storage, structural integrity, and cellular communication. This study note will break down the complex ideas into smaller, digestible sections, covering all the essential concepts and nuances.
Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms, typically in a ratio of 1:2:1. The general formula for carbohydrates is $C_n(H_2O)_n$.
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates consisting of single sugar units. Examples include:
Disaccharides are formed by the condensation reaction between two monosaccharides, resulting in the formation of a glycosidic bond. Examples include:
$$ \text{C}6\text{H}{12}\text{O}6 + \text{C}6\text{H}{12}\text{O}6 \rightarrow \text{C}{12}\text{H}{22}\text{O}_{11} + \text{H}_2\text{O} $$
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Examples include:
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