AISL 5.8 Trapezoidal rule
Learn AISL 5.8 Trapezoidal rule in this free IB Mathematics Applications & Interpretation (AI) video lesson for SL 5.8—Trapezoid rule.
Learn AISL 5.8 Trapezoidal rule in this free IB Mathematics Applications & Interpretation (AI) video lesson for SL 5.8—Trapezoid rule.
Learn AISL 5.8 Trapezoidal rule in this free IB Mathematics Applications & Interpretation (AI) video lesson for SL 5.8—Trapezoid rule.
The video explains the trapezoidal rule, a numerical method used to estimate the area under a curve. It begins by contrasting the trapezoidal approximation with the exact area obtained through integration, emphasizing that while the integral provides an exact value, the trapezoidal rule offers an estimate that can be improved by increasing the number of trapezoids.
Key points include:
The video concludes by encouraging practice with the trapezoidal rule to build confidence in applying this method in various scenarios.
00:00Hi everybody. So in this
00:02lesson we're going to look
00:03at the trapezoidal rule. Now
00:05what the trapezoidal rule does
00:07is it gives us an
00:08estimate for the area under
00:10the curve. Now we already
00:12did in a previous lesson.
00:13We did the integral. We
00:15said the integral which is
00:16this from A to B
00:17of y dx gives you
00:19the exact area and we
00:20agreed that that was pretty
00:22
00:24here to here gives me
00:27an exact
00:28area underneath the curve. Right,
00:30and when we did this,
00:31we actually got an answer
00:32of 26. Let's just keep
00:35that in mind when we
00:36do the trapezoidal rule. Because
00:38we're not going to get
00:3926, but hopefully we'll get
00:40close to it. Now, what
00:43it does is, it splits,
00:45we can split this up
00:46into a number of different
00:49trapezoids. Now, what is a
00:50trapezoid? Well, it's this shape
00:54that you probably remember.
00:56which has a pair of
00:58parallel sides. Now there's some
01:01debate as to whether it
01:03has exactly one pair of
01:05parallel sides or at least
01:07one pair of parallel sides,
01:10but it doesn't really matter
01:12in our situation. And this
01:14is the height of the
01:18trapezoid. So what we do
01:20is, imagine we split this
01:21into two different trapezoids.
01:24We did one, two. We
01:28got the area of this,
01:30and we got the area
01:30of this, and we added.
01:32So that would give me
01:32an approximation of the area
01:34under the curve. It wouldn't
01:35be a very good one,
01:36because obviously I've added on
01:37this extra bit of area
01:39here that I didn't want.
01:40But what if I, that's
01:42just two trapezoids. What if
01:44I did, let's say what
01:46if I did six trapezoids,
01:48one, two, three,
01:52four, five, six, and join
01:57these. Well, now you're starting
01:59to see this is a
02:01much better approximation of the
02:04area of the curve. Now
02:05if I did 100 chopper
02:06solids, that would be a
02:08really, really good approximation of
02:10the area of the curve.
02:12So what we're gonna do
02:14is, well, let's do this
02:15example, and we'll see how
02:17close to 26 we actually
02:19get.
02:20Now the way this formula
02:21works is, well, one you're
02:24given it in the form
02:24of a booklets, section 5
02:26.8. And what it does
02:27is the area of a
02:30trapezoid, a trapezium, I think
02:33I grew up calling these
02:34things. The area is a
02:39half of x plus y,
02:41because it gets the average
02:42length of those two, the
02:44two parallel size, and then
02:46times it by h. So
02:48what this
02:48formula does is it gets,
02:50well it basically sums up
02:52all those different trapezoids and
02:53it's pretty, it'll be pretty
02:54easy for you to do.
02:55I'm not going to derive
02:56it myself but you could
02:57even do it, you could
02:58do it if you want
02:59it. Just, you just kind
03:00of get all the trapezoids,
03:02lengths and, and get the
03:04height and then rearrange it
03:06and you'll get it into
03:07this form. It's not that
03:08difficult. But the height is,
03:12well the height, because it's
03:14between the distance between the
03:16parallel size, our height is
03:17actually going to be going
03:18this way. So if I
03:20did two trapezoids, my height
03:23would actually be three. It
03:24would be this height here.
03:26So the way we get
03:27the height, the H, is
03:29we first see how many
03:31trapezoids does he want. So
03:33this question is used to
03:34trapezoidal rule and four even
03:36intervals to find an approximation
03:38for there under the curve
03:39in the interval two to
03:40eight. So H is B
03:43minus A over
03:44Now B and A are
03:47the limits, so we're going
03:48from 2 to 8. This
03:50is 2, this is 8.
03:51So from 2 to 8,
03:55the, from 2 to 8,
03:57this would be 8 minus
03:592 over n, which is
04:034, because he wants 4,
04:064 even intervals or 4
04:07trapezoids. 6 over 4, which
04:09is 1 .5. So the,
04:12the high
04:12height of our trapezoids, which
04:14is actually going to be
04:15our length here, is 1
04:16.5. So I'm going to
04:17go 1 .5 there. 1
04:20.5 is there. 1 .5
04:23is there. And you can
04:25see why it's 1 .5
04:27because that's a, that is
04:30for evenly spaced trapezoids. Now,
04:37it's worth thinking, because I
04:39said the integral is 26.
04:40Air is exactly 26, but
04:42when I do this trapezoidal
04:44rule, am I gonna get
04:46more than 26 or less
04:47than 26? Well, I'm actually
04:49gonna get more than 26,
04:50because each of these has
04:51a tiny, look, it has
04:52a tiny little bit more
04:54there that we're gonna be
04:56adding that isn't actually below
04:57the curve. So I'm gonna
04:58get probably 26 points something.
05:00I don't think I'm gonna
05:01get 27, because it's not
05:03that big. There's not that
05:04big a gap. Okay, so
05:06I have H, great. No.
05:08I'm going to say the
05:10integral from 2 to 8
05:13of y dx is approximately
05:16equal to, I'm going to
05:17write out this formula. It's
05:19a half h y0 plus
05:23yn plus 2 times y1
05:27plus y2 plus dot dot
05:30dot. Let's just leave it
05:31at that. Okay, so I
05:33have, right, I have x
05:36z
05:36I have x1, this is
05:40actually x2, this is x3,
05:45and this is x4. But
05:47he wants y0, y1, y2,
05:50y3, and y4, because as
05:54I say this, to do
05:54with this rule here, he
05:55wants this length and this
05:57length and this length and
05:59this length. And we're gonna
06:00do this thing. And you'll
06:02see actually that's why he
06:03only has y0 and y4.
06:04n once, because this goes
06:07for this trapezoid, but y1
06:10and y2, the middle ones,
06:13he adds twice, because this,
06:14like x1 will go with
06:16this trapezoid and this trapezoid,
06:18that's where this two of
06:19them. Anyway, I'm not going
06:21to get into too much
06:22detail about the formula, as
06:23I say, it's fairly straightforward.
06:26Now, what I want to
06:27do is get, okay, I
06:30have x and I have
06:33Y. So I'm actually going
06:35to make a little table
06:36here. I'm going to make
06:38a little table. So when
06:41X is, this is two,
06:44what is Y? Then when
06:46X is 3 .5, what
06:49is Y? Then when X
06:50is 5, what is Y?
06:526 .5, and then 8.
06:55This is my X0, X1,
06:57X2, X3, X4. So this
06:59will be my Y0, Y1.
07:01y2, y3, y4. OK, so
07:04when I have x, how
07:06do I find y? Would
07:07I just sub it into
07:09the function or whatever the
07:14formula is here? So I
07:15have y is a third
07:15x squared minus 3x plus
07:1610. Now you could, no
07:19problem, sub it into each
07:20one of them and get
07:21your answer. I wanted to
07:22show you a little trick
07:24for, I just want to
07:27show you a little trick.
07:29to do this pretty quickly.
07:31So we have two, I've
07:34opened up a spreadsheet here.
07:36So I have two, three,
07:38point five, five, six, point
07:43five, and eight. Now, what
07:48I want is a third
07:49x squared minus three x
07:50plus 10. So I'm gonna
07:53do a third,
07:57And then instead of doing
08:00x squared, I'm going to
08:01click this. Yeah, that's not
08:03what I want you to
08:04do. I'm going to do,
08:06let me do that again.
08:09I'm going to do a
08:10third. And then I'm going
08:12to do times, I forgot
08:13the times, which is important.
08:14I'm going to a third
08:15times, and now instead of
08:19writing in two squared or
08:22whatever, I'm actually going to,
08:23the way you would an
08:24Excel,
08:25click this and it gives
08:26me a1. So look at
08:29that. That's going to give
08:30me a1 squared. Now if
08:33this freaks you out or
08:34if you really don't like
08:35to look at this, no
08:35problem, just sub in each
08:37one. It'll take you maybe
08:39two minutes x for this
08:40is to kind of save
08:41you time. If you like
08:42this kind of thing. So
08:43that's going to be a
08:44third x squared or third
08:45a1 squared minus three times
08:49a1 again. And then
08:53and plus 10, press enter.
09:02I'm sorry, I feel like
09:06an idiot here, right? I
09:07should have pressed equals. So
09:09in Excel, you would press
09:11equals that. So press enter
09:13and now I get 16
09:14over three. Now what I
09:16can do is, in the
09:19corner here, pull this down.
09:21And if you're good with
09:22Excel, you'll be happy with
09:25this. So when you pull
09:26it down like this, you
09:29get it fills in all
09:32those answers for you. So
09:33I've done them quite quickly,
09:35rather than subbing it in
09:39each time. Again, if you
09:40don't like this, no problem.
09:44Just sub them in individually.
09:46And that's fine. So I
09:48have 16
09:49over 3, 16 over 3,
09:553 .5, 8, 3, 3,
09:573, 3, 3, 3, 10
10:03over 3, 10 over 3,
10:074 .58333 and 22 over
10:173, 22 over 3. Okay,
10:21so these are my, this
10:23is my y0, this is
10:25my y4, and these are
10:28the ones in between. So
10:29the area, so the area
10:32is approximately equal to a
10:35half times H, what is
10:38H, 1 .5 times big
10:42brackets. And I do 16
10:44over three,
10:45Plus, let me write that
10:48properly actually, I do 16
10:50over 3 plus y0, the
10:54first y plus the last
10:55one plus 22 over 3.
10:59Close bracket plus 2 times,
11:01and then these ones, 3
11:04.5833 plus 10 over 3
11:09plus 4 .5833.
11:13three, close this bracket and
11:19close this bigger bracket there.
11:23So this is gonna give
11:25me, this is my trapezoidal
11:27rule and it's gonna give
11:28me the area under the
11:29curve. It'll give me, I'm
11:32certain unless I've made a
11:34total mess of this, it
11:35is gonna give me an
11:37answer that's 16 points something,
11:40sorry, 26
11:41point something. So let's write
11:43it in exactly how I
11:47see it. So it's 1,
11:501 over 2 times 1
11:55.5, 2 brackets. Now I
11:58have, let's just do 16
12:00over 3 like this, 16
12:02over 3 plus 22 over
12:053, close that bracket plus
12:082 times
12:093 .5, 8, 3, 3,
12:133, plus 10 over 3,
12:18plus 4 .5, 8, 3,
12:213, 3, close this bracket,
12:23close that bracket, press enter
12:2526 .75 perfect, that's what
12:28I was expecting, 26 .75.
12:33So when it says use
12:35the trapezoidal rule, four even
12:37intervals, one to
12:37three, four, to find an
12:39approximation for the area under
12:40the curve in the interval
12:41two to eight. That is
12:44my approximation of the area.
12:48Okay, so a few things.
12:50What, what do you think
12:52of this question? Well, if
12:55I was a student, I
12:58would, I would actually think,
13:00right, that's, that looks really,
13:02that looks really annoying and
13:04really difficult and there's lots
13:05of
13:06annoying things going on with
13:07the calculator. But it's not
13:09actually that difficult to question
13:11if you can just if
13:12you can decide what exactly
13:15your your x's and your
13:16y's are because you have
13:17this formula and the places
13:19you're going to go wrong
13:20is just putting the pressing
13:22the wrong button in the
13:23calculator. I actually think it's
13:26a nice question and when
13:27you see it you should
13:28think okay good I know
13:29how to do that question.
13:30Now the only way you'll
13:31know how to do it
13:31is obviously if you've practiced
13:33quite a number of
13:34these beforehand or throughout the
13:38year, the year, or the
13:39two years, or whatever it
13:39is. So yeah, you've a
13:43formula, you find H depending
13:45on what the question says.
13:47Then you get your X's,
13:48find your Y's if you
13:50want to do the fancy
13:50way that I did it
13:51fine. But if you're in
13:54the pressure of an exam
13:55and you really don't, you're
13:58really not comfortable with that,
13:59don't even bother. Just sub
14:00it, sub two into this.
14:02then sub 3 .5 into
14:04this, then sub 5 into
14:04this, then sub 6 .5
14:06into this, and then age
14:07into this, and you'll get
14:08these same values. Okay, hopefully
14:11that made sense. I'll talk
14:14to you in the next
14:14lesson.