Bivariate data
Data consisting of pairs of values $(x, y)$ where two quantitative variables are measured for each case.
Covariance
A measure of how two variables vary together, based on the products of their deviations from their means.
For $n$ paired observations $(x_1,y_1),\dots,(x_n,y_n)$, with means $\bar{x}$ and $\bar{y}$, the covariance is $$s_{xy}=\frac{\sum (x-\bar{x})(y-\bar{y})}{n}$$
Each point on a scatter plot lies in one of four quadrants relative to the mean point $(\bar{x},\bar{y})$.
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