True

False

True

False

Computing the standard deviations ${\sigma }_x$ and ${\sigma }_y$

Calculating the median of the $x$ and $y$ values

Computing the means $\bar{x}$ and $\bar{y}$

Finding the sum of the products $\sum xy$

Because it is standardized by dividing the covariance by the standard deviations of both variables.

Because it is calculated using the number of pairs $n$ rather than the values themselves.

Because it only applies to survey scores which have no physical units.

Because the values of $x$ and $y$ must always be the same type of measurement.

Ice cream sales and drowning incidents both increase in summer because higher temperatures affect both.

A car drives a longer distance and consumes more fuel as a result.

Two variables have a correlation of $r=0$ because they are completely independent.

A student studies more hours and receives higher grades because the studying caused the grades.