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In IB Chemistry, a transition metal is defined as:
Transition metal
An element that forms at least one ion with a partially filled d-subshell.
This means that, in at least one of its common ions, the d-orbitals are not completely full.
Transition metals show some special patterns in their chemistry that most other metals do not. Two key ones for MYP/early IB are:
Later in IB you will also study their coloured compounds and catalytic behaviour.
| Metal | Common ions |
|---|---|
| $\text{Fe}$ | $\text{Fe}^{2+}$, $\text{Fe}^{3+}$ |
| $\text{Cu}$ | $\text{Cu}^{+}$, $\text{Cu}^{2+}$ |
| $\text{Cr}$ | $\text{Cr}^{2+}$, $\text{Cr}^{3+}$ |
| $\text{Mn}$ | $\text{Mn}^{2+}$, $\text{Mn}^{4+}$, $\text{Mn}^{7+}$ |
Ligand
A ligand is a species (ion or molecule) that donates a lone pair of electrons to the central metal ion, forming a coordinate (dative) covalent bond.
In a coordinate (dative) bond, both electrons in the shared pair come from one atom (the ligand).
Ligands can be classified by how many bonds they form with the central metal ion:
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