MYP Chemistry Topic Filtration, Distillation and…

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Filtration, Distillation and Chromatography

Separation techniques are all about taking mixtures apart using differences in physical properties such as particle size, boiling point, solubility and adsorption.

Note

Please note that in this article, we will explore:

What physical properties each technique uses to separate components.
How to read chromatograms and what they tell us about solubility and affinity.
Real-life uses of these techniques in environmental monitoring, food testing and forensic science.

What Physical Properties Does Each Technique Use?

Filtration

Definition

Filtration

A technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid in a mixture (e.g. a suspension).

What it relies on:
1. Solid particles being larger than the pores in the filter.
2. Liquid particles being small enough to pass through.
How filtration works:
1. The mixture is poured into filter paper in a funnel.
2. Liquid passes through and is collected as the filtrate.
3. Solid particles are trapped on the paper as the residue.

Hint

Key ideas:

Filtration uses particle size and state (solid vs liquid), not chemical reactivity.
Works for heterogeneous mixtures (solid + liquid clearly distinct).
Does not separate dissolved (truly soluble) substances.

Distillation

Definition

Distillation

Separates liquids (or a liquid from dissolved solids) using differences in boiling point.

What it relies on:
1. One component having a lower boiling point and therefore being more volatile (evaporates first).
2. The vapour being condensed back to a liquid and collected separately.
Simple distillation
1. Used when the boiling points are far apart (e.g. water and dissolved salt):
  1. Heat the mixture.
  2. The lower-boiling liquid vaporises first.
  3. The vapour passes into a condenser, cools and becomes distillate.
  4. Less volatile components stay behind.
Fractional distillation
1. Used when boiling points are close together (e.g. ethanol and water):
  1. A fractionating column is added.
  2. Vapours repeatedly evaporate and condense along the column.
  3. Components separate into fractions based on their boiling points.

Note

Distillation uses boiling point and volatility as the separating physical properties.

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MYP Chemistry Filtration, Distillation and Chromatography Notes

Filtration, Distillation and Chromatography

What Physical Properties Does Each Technique Use?

Filtration

Distillation

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Filtration, Distillation and Chromatography

What Physical Properties Does Each Technique Use?

Filtration

Distillation

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Periodic table5 subtopics

Matter5 subtopics

Types of chemical reaction18 subtopics

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)4 subtopics

Pure and impure substances2 subtopics

The atmosphere2 subtopics

Bonding4 subtopics

MYP Chemistry Filtration, Distillation and Chromatography Notes

Periodic table5 subtopics

Matter5 subtopics

Types of chemical reaction18 subtopics

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)4 subtopics

Pure and impure substances2 subtopics

The atmosphere2 subtopics

Bonding4 subtopics

Filtration, Distillation and Chromatography

What Physical Properties Does Each Technique Use?

Filtration

Distillation

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Filtration, Distillation and Chromatography

What Physical Properties Does Each Technique Use?

Filtration

Distillation

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