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1 Changing Population
1.1 Population and Economic Development Patterns
1.1.1 Physical and Human Factors Affecting Population Distribution
1.1.2 Global Patterns and Classification of Economic Development
1.1.3 Population Distribution and Development at the National Scale
1.2 Changing Populations and Places
1.2.1 Population Change and Demographic Transition Over Time
1.2.2 Consequences of Megacity Growth
1.2.3 Causes and Consequences of Forced Migration
1.2.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
1.3 Population Challenges and Opportunities
1.3.1 Trends in Family Size, Sex Ratios and Ageing
1.3.2 Policies Associated with Managing Population Change
1.3.3 The Demographic Dividend and Population as a Resource
1.3.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
2 Global Climate - Vulnerability and Resilience
2.1 Causes of Global Climate Change
2.1.1 The Atmospheric System and Energy Balance
2.1.2 Changes in the Global Energy Balance and Feedback Loops
2.1.3 The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect and Variations in Emissions
2.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
2.2 Consequences of Global Climate Change
2.2.1 Climate Change and the Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Biosphere
2.2.2 Impacts of Climate Change on People and Places
2.2.3 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
2.3 Responding to Global Climate Change
2.3.1 Disparities in Exposure to Climate Risk and Vulnerability
2.3.2 Government-Led Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies
2.3.3 Civil Society and Corporate Strategies
2.3.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
3 Global Resource Consumption and Security
3.1 Global Trends in Consumption
3.1.1 Poverty Reduction and the New Global Middle Class
3.1.2 Measuring Trends in Resource Consumption
3.1.3 Global Patterns in Resource Availability and Consumption
3.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
3.2 Impacts of Changing Trends in Resource Consumption
3.2.1 The Water-Food-Energy Nexus
3.2.2 Implications of Global Climate Change for the Nexus
3.2.3 The Disposal and Recycling of Consumer Items
3.2.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
3.3 Resource Stewardship
3.3.1 Divergent Thinking About Population and Resources
3.3.2 Resource Stewardship Strategies
3.3.3 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
4 Power, Places and Networks (HL only)
4.1 Global Interactions and Global Power
4.1.1 Globalization Indices
4.1.2 Global Superpowers and Their Influence
4.1.3 Powerful Organizations and Global Groups
4.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
4.2 Global Networks and Flows
4.2.1 An Overview of Contemporary Global Networks and Flows
4.2.2 Foreign Direct Investment and Outsourcing by TNCs
4.3 Human and Physical Influences on Global Interactions
4.3.1 Political Factors That Affect Global Interactions
4.3.2 Our Shrinking World and Technological Innovation
4.3.3 The Influence of the Physical Environment
5 Human Development and Diversity (HL only)
5.1 Development Opportunities
5.1.1 Human Development and Ways to Measure It
5.1.2 Social Entrepreneurship Approaches
5.1.3 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
5.2 Changing Identities and Cultures
5.2.1 The Global Spectrum of Cultural Traits and Identities
5.2.2 Effects of Global Interactions on Cultural Diversity
5.2.3 How Diasporas Influence Cultural Diversity and Identity
5.3 Local Responses to Global Interactions
5.3.1 Local and Civil Society Resistance to Global Interactions
5.3.2 Geopolitical Constraints on Global Interactions
5.3.3 Civil Society and International-Mindedness
5.3.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
6 Global Risks and Resilience (HL only)
6.1 Geopolitical and Economic Risks
6.1.1 Threats to Individuals and Businesses
6.1.2 Threats to Political and Economic Sovereignty
6.1.3 Globalization and Renewed Nationalism
6.1.4 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
6.2 Environmental Risks
6.2.1 Transboundary Pollution
6.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Global Flows
6.2.3 Environmental Issues and the Global Shift of Industry
6.3 Local and Global Resilience
6.3.1 Civil Society Organizations and Global Risks
6.3.2 Strategies to Build Resilience
6.3.3 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
Option A Freshwater - Drainage Basins
A.1 Drainage Basin Hydrology and Geomorphology
A.1.1 The Drainage Basin as an Open System
A.1.2 River Discharge and Streamflow
A.1.3 River Processes of Erosion, Transport and Deposition
A.1.4 The Formation of Typical River Landforms
A.2 Flooding and Flood Mitigation
A.2.1 Hydrograph Characteristics and Natural Influences
A.2.2 Human Impacts on Flood Risk
A.2.3 Attempts at Flood Prediction
A.2.4 Flood Mitigation Strategies: Structural Measures and Planning
A.3 Water scarcity and water quality
A.3.1 Physical and Economic Water Scarcity
A.3.2 Agricultural Consequences for Water Quality
A.3.3 Growing Human Pressures on Lakes and Aquifers
A.3.4 Internationally Shared Water Resources and Conflict
A.4 Water Management Futures
A.4.1 Strengthening Local Participation in Water Management
A.4.2 Dam Building for Multipurpose Water Schemes
A.4.3 Integrated Drainage Basin Management (IDBM)
A.4.4 Pressures on Major Wetlands and Efforts to Protect Them
A.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
A.5.1 Spatial Interactions Within a Drainage Basin (Synthesis)
A.5.2 Scales of Water Management Action (Synthesis/Evaluation)
A.5.3 Perspectives on Water Management Costs and Benefits (Evaluation)
A.5.4 Representing Water Cycling and System Flows (Skills)
Option B Oceans and Coastal Margins
B.1 Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
B.1.1 Ocean Currents and the Oceanic Conveyor Belt
B.1.2 ENSO and La Nina Cycles
B.1.3 Formation, Distribution and Impacts of Hurricanes
B.1.4 Oceans as a Store and Source of Carbon Dioxide
B.2 Interactions Between Oceans and Coastal Places
B.2.1 Physical Influences on Coastal Landscapes
B.2.2 Coastal Landforms of Erosion and Deposition
B.2.3 Advancing and Retreating Coastlines
B.2.4 Sand Dune Development
B.3 Managing Coastal Margins
B.3.1 Coastal Erosion and Flooding Management Strategies
B.3.2 Conflicting Land-Use Pressures on Coastlines
B.3.3 Management of Coral Reefs and Mangrove Swamps
B.3.4 Sovereignty Rights and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)
B.4 Ocean Management Futures
B.4.1 Increasing Demand for Abiotic Resources
B.4.2 Trends in Biotic Resource Use and Alternatives
B.4.3 Initiatives to Manage Ocean Pollution
B.4.4 Strategic Value of Oceans and International Conflict
B.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
B.5.1 Spatial Interactions in Ocean and Coastal Change (Synthesis)
B.5.2 Scales of Ocean Exploitation and Management (Synthesis/Evaluation)
B.5.3 Perspectives on Costs, Benefits and Effectiveness (Evaluation)
B.5.4 Representing Ocean and Atmospheric Systems (Skills)
Option C Extreme Environments
C.1 The Characteristics of Extreme Environments
C.1.1 Global-Scale Distribution of Extreme Environments
C.1.2 Relief and Climatic Characteristics
C.1.3 Challenges for Habitation and Resource Development
C.1.4 The Changing Distribution of Extreme Environments
C.2 Physical Processes and Landscapes
C.2.1 Glacial Processes and Landscape Features
C.2.2 Periglacial Processes and Landscape Features
C.2.3 Weathering and Erosion in Hot Arid Environments
C.2.4 Hot, Arid Landscape Features
C.3 Managing Extreme Environments
C.3.1 Agricultural Opportunities and Challenges in Arid Areas
C.3.2 Mineral Extraction in Cold Environments
C.3.3 Mineral Extraction in Arid Environments
C.3.4 Tourism in Extreme Environments
C.4 Extreme Environments Futures
C.4.1 Causes, Consequences and Management of Desertification
C.4.2 Increasing Competition for Access to Resources
C.4.3 New Technology and Sustainable Development
C.4.4 Impacts and Management of Global Climate Change
Option D Geophysical Hazards
D.1 Geophysical Systems
D.1.1 Mechanisms of Plate Movement
D.1.2 Characteristics of Volcanoes and Secondary Hazards
D.1.3 Characteristics of Earthquakes and Secondary Hazards
D.1.4 Classification of Mass Movement Types
D.2 Geophysical Hazard Risks
D.2.1 The Distribution of Geophysical Hazards
D.2.2 Hazard Magnitude and Frequency for Risk Management
D.2.3 Hazard Risk as a Product of Human Factors
D.2.4 Geographic Factors Affecting Hazard Event Impacts
D.3 Hazard Risk and Vulnerability
D.3.1 Contrasting Case Studies of Geophysical Hazards
D.4 Future Resilience and Adaptation
D.4.1 Global Hazard Trends and Future Projections
D.4.2 Geophysical Hazard Adaptation
D.4.3 Pre-Event Management Strategies
D.4.4 Post-Event Management Strategies
D.5 Synthesis, Evaluation, and Skills Opportunities
D.5.1 Hazard Risk as a Function of Spatial Interactions (Synthesis)
D.5.2 Spatial Scales of Processes and Challenges (Synthesis/Evaluation)
D.5.3 Perspectives on Managing Geophysical Hazard Risks (Evaluation)
D.5.4 Representing Patterns of Risk and Vulnerability (Skills)
Option E Leisure, Tourism and Sport
E.1 Changing Leisure Patterns
E.1.1 The Growth and Changing Purpose of Leisure Time
E.1.2 Categorization of Touristic and Sporting Activities
E.1.3 Economic Development and Leisure Participation
E.1.4 Factors Affecting Personal Participation
E.2 Tourism and Sport at the Local and National Scale
E.2.1 The Growth of Rural and Urban Tourism Hotspots
E.2.2 Sphere of Influence of Sporting and Touristic Facilities
E.2.3 The Geography of a National Sports League
E.2.4 Large-Scale Festivals as Temporary Sites of Leisure
E.3 Tourism and Sport at the International Scale
E.3.1 Niche National Tourism Strategies
E.3.2 The Role of TNCs in Expanding International Tourism
E.3.3 Tourism as a National Development Strategy
E.3.4 Hosting International Sporting Events
E.4 Managing Tourism and Sport for the Future
E.4.1 The Consequences of Unsustainable Touristic Growth
E.4.2 Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism
E.4.3 Factors Influencing Future International Tourism
E.4.4 Political and Cultural Influences on International Sport
E.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
E.5.1 Spatial Interactions and Leisure Use of a Place (Synthesis)
E.5.2 Scales of Influence on Freedom to Participate (Synthesis/Evaluation)
E.5.3 Perspectives on Costs and Benefits of Leisure Use (Evaluation)
E.5.4 Representing Visitor and Impact Data (Skills)
Option F The Geography of Food and Health
F.1 Measuring Food and Health
F.1.1 Global Patterns in Food and Nutrition Indicators
F.1.2 The Nutrition Transition
F.1.3 Global Patterns in Health Indicators
F.1.4 The Epidemiological Transition and Diseases Continuum
F.2 Food Systems and Spread of Diseases
F.2.1 A Systems Approach to Food Production
F.2.2 Variations in Food Consumption
F.2.3 Diffusion in Agriculture and Disease Spread
F.2.4 Vector-Borne and Water-Borne Diseases
F.3 Stakeholders in Food and Health
F.3.1 International Organizations, Governments and NGOs
F.3.2 The Influence of TNCs on Food Consumption
F.3.3 Gender Roles Related to Food and Health
F.3.4 Factors Affecting the Severity of Famine
F.4 Future Health and Food Security and Sustainability
F.4.1 Possible Solutions to Food Insecurity
F.4.2 Contemporary Approaches to Food Production
F.4.3 Prevention and Treatment in Managing Disease
F.4.4 Managing Pandemics
F.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
F.5.1 Spatial Interaction Between Health and Food (Synthesis)
F.5.2 Contrasts in the Scale of Causes and Solutions (Synthesis/Evaluation)
F.5.3 Stakeholder Perspectives on Health and Food Security (Evaluation)
F.5.4 Representing Health Patterns and Disease Diffusion (Skills)
Option G Urban Environments
G.1 The Variety of Urban Environments
G.1.1 Characteristics of Urban Places
G.1.2 The Pattern of Urban Economic Activities
G.1.3 The Pattern of Residential Areas
G.1.4 Poverty, Deprivation, and Informal Activity
G.2 Changing Urban Systems
G.2.1 Urbanization and Centripetal Population Movements
G.2.2 Centrifugal Population Movements
G.2.3 Urban System Growth and Infrastructure
G.2.4 Causes and Consequences of Urban Deindustrialization
G.3 Urban Environmental and Social Stresses
G.3.1 Urban Microclimate Modification and Air Pollution
G.3.2 Traffic Congestion Patterns, Trends and Impacts
G.3.3 Contested Land Use Changes
G.3.4 Managing the Impacts of Urban Social Deprivation
G.4 Building Sustainable Urban Systems for the Future
G.4.1 Urban Growth Projections for 2050
G.4.2 Resilient City Design
G.4.3 Eco-City Design
G.4.4 Smart City Design
G.5 Synthesis, Evaluation and Skills Opportunities
G.5.1 Spatial Interactions in Urban Systems (Synthesis)
G.5.2 Contrasting Urban Challenges and Responses (Synthesis/Evaluation)
G.5.3 Stakeholder Perspectives (Evaluation)
G.5.4 Representing Urban Data (Skills)