4D Printing
Definition
4D Printing
The process of using 3D printing to create objects that can change shape or properties when exposed to a stimulus like water, air, heat, or electric current.
Unlike traditional 3D-printed objects, which remain static, 4D-printed objects can change their shape, structure, or function over time in response to external stimuli.
How 4D Printing Works
- The key to 4D printing lies in using smart materials such as shape memory polymers (SMPs).
- These materials can "remember" their original shape and return to it when triggered.
- Consider a rubber band that you twist into a knot.
- When you heat it, the rubber band untwists itself and returns to its original shape.
- This is similar to how SMPs function in 4D printing.
Stages:
- Object is designed and printed using a 3D printer.
- Material remains stable until exposed to a stimulus.
- When triggered, the material changes form or function.
4D printing is not a separate technology from 3D printing, rather, it enhances 3D printing by adding the ability to create dynamic, adaptive structures.
Common Stimuli That Trigger 4D Changes
- Temperature – Most common (e.g., body heat or warm water).
