4D Printing
The process of using 3D printing to create objects that can change shape or properties when exposed to a stimulus like water, air, heat, or electric current.
4D printing is 3D printing with a fourth dimension added: time. A 4D-printed object is made on an ordinary 3D printer, but from a smart material, so that after printing it can change its shape, structure or function over time when it meets a stimulus such as water, heat, light or an electric current. An ordinary 3D-printed object is static once it leaves the printer; a 4D-printed one is dynamic and adaptive.
4D printing is not a separate technology from 3D printing: it uses the same machines (FDM, SLA or inkjet) and simply adds materials that respond and move on their own.
Picture a rubber band twisted into a knot: warm it, and it untwists itself and springs back to the shape it remembers. A 4D-printed part behaves the same way, holding its printed shape until a trigger makes it transform.
The key to 4D printing is a smart material that can remember a shape. The most common are shape memory polymers (SMPs), alongside shape memory alloys (SMAs), and they work through a two-step shape-memory mechanism.
The shape-memory mechanism has two steps:
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