C.9.6. Explain how risks and hazards of exercise can be reduced.

C.1 Hypokinetic disease.

C.1.1. Distinguish between the terms habitual physical activity, exercise, sports and physical fitness.

C.1.2. Define the term hypokinetic disease.

C.1.3. Outline the following hypokinetic diseases: coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis.

C.1.4. Discuss how studies of different populations provide evidence of the link between physical activity and hypokinetic disease.

C.1.5. Discuss the relationship between major societal changes and hypokinetic disease.

C.2.1. Outline the coronary circulation.

C.2.2. Outline what is meant by the term atherosclerosis.

C.2.3. List the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

C.2.4. Explain the concept of risk factors in cardiovascular disease.

C.2.5. Discuss how a lifestyle of physical inactivity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.

C.3.1. Describe how obesity is determined.

C.3.2. Outline the major health consequences of obesity.

C.3.3. Discuss the concept of energy balance.

C.3.4. Outline how chemical signals arising from the gut and from the adipose tissue affect appetite regulation.

C.4.1. Compare type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

C.4.2. Discuss the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

C.4.3. Outline the health risks of diabetes.

C.5.1. Outline how bone density changes from birth to old age.

C.5.2. Describe the risk of osteoporosis in males and females.

C.5.3. Outline the longer- term consequences of osteoporotic fractures.

C.5.4. Discuss the major risk factors for osteoporosis.

C.5.5. Discuss the relationship between physical activity and bone health.

C.6.1. Outline physical activity guidelines for the promotion of good health.

C.6.2. Describe the aims of exercise in individuals with a hypokinetic disease.

C.6.3. Discuss the potential barriers to physical activity.

C.7.1. Define the term mood.

C.7.2. Outline the effects of exercise on changing mood states.

C.7.3. Outline how exercise enhances psychological well- being.

C.7.4. Explain the role of exercise in reducing the effects of anxiety and depression.

C.7.5. Discuss potential personal and environmental barriers to physical activity.

C.7.6. Describe strategies for enhancing adherence to exercise.

C.7.7. Outline the possible negative aspects of exercise adherence.

C.8.1. Distinguish between non-communicable and communicable diseases.

C.8.2. Outline population attributable risk (PAR).

C.8.3. Outline the use of population attributable risk (PAR) for prioritizing public health initiatives.

C.8.4. Explain the relationship between moderate exercise and health.

C.8.5. Outline the causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes.

C.9.1. Define musculoskeletal injuries.

C.9.2. Distinguish between compression, tension and shearing injuries.

C.9.3. Distinguish between acute and chronic injuries.

C.9.4. Outline the types of injuries common in different sports.

C.9.5. Outline the common causes of running-related injuries.

C.9.7. Evaluate the benefits and hazards of exercise with regard to health.