Acid deposition

Acid deposition refers to the process by which acidic substances, primarily sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃), fall to the Earth’s surface. This can occur in the form of acid rain, acid snow, acid fog, or dry deposition (acidic particles and gases), leading to environmental and health issues.

Impacts on acid deposition

Environmental Impacts:

1. Soil Acidification: Acid rain lowers the pH of soil, leading to nutrient leaching (loss of calcium, magnesium, and potassium) and the release of toxic metals (e.g., aluminum), which harm plant growth.
2. Water Pollution: Acid deposition lowers the pH of lakes, rivers, and streams, which can harm aquatic life, particularly species that are sensitive to pH changes (e.g., fish and amphibians).
3. Vegetation Damage: Acid rain damages plant leaves, weakening them, making them more susceptible to disease, and reducing photosynthesis, which can stunt plant growth.
4. Building and Infrastructure Damage: Acid rain can erode buildings, monuments, and statues, particularly those made from limestone, marble, or other carbonate-rich materials, leading to the decay of cultural heritage.

Health Impacts:

1. Respiratory Problems: Inhalation of fine particles from acid deposition, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, can worsen respiratory conditions like asthma and bronchitis.
2. Corrosion of Human-made Materials: Acidic gases and particles can contribute to the degradation of materials like metals, concrete, and paint, potentially leading to safety hazards and higher maintenance costs.

Mitigation:

• Reducing Emissions:
  • Switching to cleaner energy sources like wind, solar, and natural gas to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions.
  • Using scrubbers in power plants to remove sulfur dioxide from exhaust gases.
  • Implementing stricter vehicle emissions standards to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.