IB Chemistry Data Booklet (SL & HL)

1. Some relevant equations

$c = f λ$
$E = h f$
$n = \frac{m}{M}$
$n = C V$
$P V = n R T$
$\frac{P _{1} V _{1}}{T _{1}} = \frac{P _{2} V _{2}}{T _{2}}$
$Q = m c Δ T$
$% atom economy = \frac{molar mass of desired product}{total molar mass of reactants} \times 100$
$Δ H^{⊖} = Σ (Δ H_{f}^{⊖} products) - Σ (Δ H_{f}^{⊖} reactants)$
$Δ H^{⊖} = Σ (Δ H_{c}^{⊖} reactants) - Σ (Δ H_{c}^{⊖} products)$
$Δ G^{⊖} = Δ H^{⊖} - T Δ S^{⊖}$
$Δ G = Δ G^{⊖} + R T ln Q$
$Δ G^{⊖} = - R T ln K$
$Δ G^{⊖} = - n F E^{⊖}$
$k = A e^{\frac{- E _{a}}{R T}}$
$ln k = \frac{- E _{a}}{R T} + ln A$
$pH = - lo g_{10} [H_{3} O^{+}]$
$pH = - lo g_{10} [H^{+}]$
$K_{w} = [H^{+}] [OH^{-}]$
$pOH = - lo g_{10} [OH^{-}]$

2. Physical constants

Quantity	Symbol	Approximate value
$\text{Elementary charge}$	$e$	$1.602177 \times 10^{-19} \text{C}$
$\text{Electron rest mass}$	$m_{\text{e}}$	$9.109384 \times 10^{-31} \text{kg}$
$\text{Proton rest mass}$	$m_{\text{p}}$	$1.672622 \times 10^{-27} \text{kg}$
$\text{Neutron rest mass}$	$m_{\text{n}}$	$1.674927 \times 10^{-27} \text{kg}$
$\text{Speed of light in vacuum}$	$c$	$3.00 \times 10^{8} \text{m} \text{s}^{-1}$
$\text{Planck constant}$	$h$	$6.63 \times 10^{-34} \text{J} \text{s}$
$\text{Avogadro constant}$	$N_{\text{A}}$	$6.02 \times 10^{23} \text{mol}^{-1}$
$\text{Gas constant}$	$R$	$8.31 \text{J} \text{K}^{-1} \text{mol}^{-1}$
$\text{Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP}$	$V_{\text{m}}$	$2.27 \times 10^{-2} \text{m}^{3} \text{mol}^{-1} = 22.7 \text{dm}^{3} \text{mol}^{-1}$
$\text{Specific heat capacity of water}$	$c_{\text{w}}$	$4.18 \text{kJ} \text{kg}^{-1} \text{K}^{-1} = 4.18 \text{J} \text{g}^{-1} \text{K}^{-1}$
$\text{Ionic product constant for water at 298.15 K}$	$K_{\text{w}}$	$1.00 \times 10^{-14} \text{mol}^{2} \text{dm}^{-6}$
$\text{Faraday constant}$	$F$	$9.65 \times 10^{4} \text{C} \text{mol}^{-1}$

3. Metric (SI) multipliers

Prefix	Abbreviation	Value
$\text{peta}$	$P$	$10^{15}$
$\text{tera}$	$T$	$10^{12}$
$\text{giga}$	$G$	$10^{9}$
$\text{mega}$	$M$	$10^{6}$
$\text{kilo}$	$k$	$10^{3}$
$\text{hecto}$	$h$	$10^{2}$
$\text{deca}$	$da$	$10^{1}$
$\text{deci}$	$d$	$10^{-1}$
$\text{centi}$	$c$	$10^{-2}$
$\text{milli}$	$m$	$10^{-3}$
$\text{micro}$	$μ$	$10^{-6}$
$\text{nano}$	$n$	$10^{-9}$
$\text{pico}$	$p$	$10^{-12}$
$\text{femto}$	$f$	$10^{-15}$

4. Unit conversions and standard conditions

$Temperature (K) = temperature (^{\circ} C) + 273.15$

$1 dm^{3} = 1 litre = 1 \times 1 0^{- 3} m^{3} = 1 \times 1 0^{3} cm^{3}$

$STP conditions: 273.15 K and 100 kPa$

$SATP conditions: 298.15 K and 100 kPa$

5. The electromagnetic spectrum

6. Names of the elements

Element	Symbol	Atomic number
$\text{actinium}$	$Ac$	$89$
$\text{aluminium}$	$Al$	$13$
$\text{americium}$	$Am$	$95$
$\text{antimony}$	$Sb$	$51$
$\text{argon}$	$Ar$	$18$
$\text{arsenic}$	$As$	$33$
$\text{astatine}$	$At$	$85$
$\text{barium}$	$Ba$	$56$
$\text{berkelium}$	$Bk$	$97$
$\text{beryllium}$	$Be$	$4$
$\text{bismuth}$	$Bi$	$83$
$\text{bohrium}$	$Bh$	$107$
$\text{boron}$	$B$	$5$
$\text{bromine}$	$Br$	$35$
$\text{cadmium}$	$Cd$	$48$
$\text{caesium}$	$Cs$	$55$
$\text{calcium}$	$Ca$	$20$
$\text{californium}$	$Cf$	$98$
$\text{carbon}$	$C$	$6$
$\text{cerium}$	$Ce$	$58$
$\text{chlorine}$	$Cl$	$17$
$\text{chromium}$	$Cr$	$24$
$\text{cobalt}$	$Co$	$27$
$\text{copernicium}$	$Cn$	$112$
$\text{copper}$	$Cu$	$29$
$\text{curium}$	$Cm$	$96$
$\text{darmstadtium}$	$Ds$	$110$
$\text{dubnium}$	$Db$	$105$

Element	Symbol	Atomic number
$\text{dysprosium}$	$Dy$	$66$
$\text{einsteinium}$	$Es$	$99$
$\text{erbium}$	$Er$	$68$
$\text{europium}$	$Eu$	$63$
$\text{fermium}$	$Fm$	$100$
$\text{flerovium}$	$Fl$	$114$
$\text{fluorine}$	$F$	$9$
$\text{francium}$	$Fr$	$87$
$\text{gadolinium}$	$Gd$	$64$
$\text{gallium}$	$Ga$	$31$
$\text{germanium}$	$Ge$	$32$
$\text{gold}$	$Au$	$79$
$\text{hafnium}$	$Hf$	$72$
$\text{hassium}$	$Hs$	$108$
$\text{helium}$	$He$	$2$
$\text{holmium}$	$Ho$	$67$
$\text{hydrogen}$	$H$	$1$
$\text{indium}$	$In$	$49$
$\text{iodine}$	$I$	$53$
$\text{iridium}$	$Ir$	$77$
$\text{iron}$	$Fe$	$26$
$\text{krypton}$	$Kr$	$36$
$\text{lanthanum}$	$La$	$57$
$\text{lawrencium}$	$Lr$	$103$
$\text{lead}$	$Pb$	$82$
$\text{lithium}$	$Li$	$3$
$\text{livermorium}$	$Lv$	$116$
$\text{lutetium}$	$Lu$	$71$

Element	Symbol	Atomic number
$\text{magnesium}$	$Mg$	$12$
$\text{manganese}$	$Mn$	$25$
$\text{meitnerium}$	$Mt$	$109$
$\text{mendelevium}$	$Md$	$101$
$\text{mercury}$	$Hg$	$80$
$\text{molybdenum}$	$Mo$	$42$
$\text{moscovium}$	$Mc$	$115$
$\text{neodymium}$	$Nd$	$60$
$\text{neon}$	$Ne$	$10$
$\text{neptunium}$	$Np$	$93$
$\text{nickel}$	$Ni$	$28$
$\text{nihonium}$	$Nh$	$113$
$\text{niobium}$	$Nb$	$41$
$\text{nitrogen}$	$N$	$7$
$\text{nobelium}$	$No$	$102$
$\text{oganesson}$	$Og$	$118$
$\text{osmium}$	$Os$	$76$
$\text{oxygen}$	$O$	$8$
$\text{palladium}$	$Pd$	$46$
$\text{phosphorus}$	$P$	$15$
$\text{platinum}$	$Pt$	$78$
$\text{plutonium}$	$Pu$	$94$
$\text{polonium}$	$Po$	$84$
$\text{potassium}$	$K$	$19$
$\text{praseodymium}$	$Pr$	$59$
$\text{promethium}$	$Pm$	$61$
$\text{protactinium}$	$Pa$	$91$
$\text{radium}$	$Ra$	$88$
$\text{radon}$	$Rn$	$86$
$\text{rhenium}$	$Re$	$75$
$\text{rhodium}$	$Rh$	$45$

Element	Symbol	Atomic number
$\text{roentgenium}$	$Rg$	$111$
$\text{rubidium}$	$Rb$	$37$
$\text{ruthenium}$	$Ru$	$44$
$\text{rutherfordium}$	$Rf$	$104$
$\text{samarium}$	$Sm$	$62$
$\text{scandium}$	$Sc$	$21$
$\text{seaborgium}$	$Sg$	$106$
$\text{selenium}$	$Se$	$34$
$\text{silicon}$	$Si$	$14$
$\text{silver}$	$Ag$	$47$
$\text{sodium}$	$Na$	$11$
$\text{strontium}$	$Sr$	$38$
$\text{sulfur}$	$S$	$16$
$\text{tantalum}$	$Ta$	$73$
$\text{technetium}$	$Tc$	$43$
$\text{tellurium}$	$Te$	$52$
$\text{tennessine}$	$Ts$	$117$
$\text{terbium}$	$Tb$	$65$
$\text{thallium}$	$Tl$	$81$
$\text{thorium}$	$Th$	$90$
$\text{thulium}$	$Tm$	$69$
$\text{tin}$	$Sn$	$50$
$\text{titanium}$	$Ti$	$22$
$\text{tungsten}$	$W$	$74$
$\text{uranium}$	$U$	$92$
$\text{vanadium}$	$V$	$23$
$\text{xenon}$	$Xe$	$54$
$\text{ytterbium}$	$Yb$	$70$
$\text{yttrium}$	$Y$	$39$
$\text{zinc}$	$Zn$	$30$
$\text{zirconium}$	$Zr$	$40$

7. The periodic table

8. Melting points and boiling points of the elements at 101.325 kPa

9. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements

10. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements

11. Covalent or average covalent bond lengths

Single bonds

$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Length} / 10^{-12} m$	$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Length} / 10^{-12} m$	$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Length} / 10^{-12} m$	$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Length} / 10^{-12} m$
$H-H$	$74$	$N-H$	$101$	$Si-H$	$148$	$S-H$	$134$
$H-F$	$92$	$N-N$	$146$	$Si-Si$	$232$	$S-S$	$205$
$H-Cl$	$128$	$N-O$	$136$	$Si-S$	$215$	$S-F$	$158$
$H-Br$	$141$	$N-Si$	$174$	$Si-F$	$156$	$S-Cl$	$199$
$H-I$	$160$	$N-S$	$175$	$Si-Cl$	$202$	$S-Br$	$227$
		$N-F$	$136$	$Si-Br$	$216$
$C-H$	$108$	$N-Cl$	$197$	$Si-I$	$243$	$F-F$	$142$
$C-C$	$154$	$N-Br$	$214$			$F-Cl$	$163$
$C-N$	$147$			$P-H$	$142$	$F-Br$	$176$
$C-O$	$143$	$O-H$	$97$	$P-P$	$221$	$F-I$	$191$
$C-Si$	$185$	$O-O$	$148$	$P-S$	$210$
$C-P$	$184$	$O-Si$	$163$	$P-F$	$154$	$Cl-Cl$	$199$
$C-S$	$182$	$O-P$	$154$	$P-Cl$	$203$	$Cl-Br$	$214$
$C-F$	$138$	$O-S$	$161$	$P-Br$	$220$	$Cl-I$	$232$
$C-Cl$	$177$	$O-F$	$142$	$P-I$	$247$
$C-Br$	$194$	$O-Cl$	$170$			$Br-Br$	$228$
$C-I$	$214$					$Br-I$	$247$

						$I-I$	$267$

Multiple bonds

$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Length} / 10^{-12} m$	$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Length} / 10^{-12} m$	$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Length} / 10^{-12} m$
$C=C$	$134$	$N=N$	$125$	$O=O$	$121$
$C=N$	$130$	$N=O$	$114$	$O=S$	$143$
$C=O$	$122$
$C=S$	$156$			$S=S$	$189$

$C \equiv C$	$120$	$N \equiv N$	$110$
$C \equiv N$	$116$
$C \equiv O$	$113$

12. Bond enthalpies or average bond enthalpies at 298.15 K

Single bonds

$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Enthalpy} / kJ mol^{-1}$	$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Enthalpy} / kJ mol^{-1}$	$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Enthalpy} / kJ mol^{-1}$	$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Enthalpy} / kJ mol^{-1}$
$H-H$	$436$	$N-H$	$391$	$Si-H$	$323$	$S-H$	$364$
$H-F$	$567$	$N-N$	$158$	$Si-Si$	$226$	$S-S$	$266$
$H-Cl$	$431$	$N-O$	$214$	$Si-S$	$293$	$S-F$	$327$
$H-Br$	$366$	$N-F$	$278$	$Si-F$	$597$	$S-Cl$	$271$
$H-I$	$298$	$N-Cl$	$192$	$Si-Cl$	$400$	$S-Br$	$218$
				$Si-Br$	$330$
$C-H$	$414$	$O-H$	$463$	$Si-I$	$234$	$F-F$	$159$
$C-C$	$346$	$O-O$	$144$			$F-Cl$	$255$
$C-N$	$286$	$O-Si$	$466$	$P-H$	$322$	$F-Br$	$249$
$C-O$	$358$	$O-P$	$363$	$P-P$	$198$	$F-I$	$280$
$C-Si$	$307$	$O-F$	$191$	$P-F$	$490$
$C-P$	$264$	$O-Cl$	$206$	$P-Cl$	$322$	$Cl-Cl$	$242$
$C-S$	$289$	$O-Br$	$201$	$P-Br$	$264$	$Cl-Br$	$219$
$C-F$	$492$	$O-I$	$201$	$P-I$	$184$	$Cl-I$	$211$
$C-Cl$	$324$
$C-Br$	$285$					$Br-Br$	$193$
$C-I$	$228$					$Br-I$	$178$

						$I-I$	$151$

Multiple bonds

$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Enthalpy} / kJ mol^{-1}$	$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Enthalpy} / kJ mol^{-1}$	$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Enthalpy} / kJ mol^{-1}$
$C=C$	$614$	$N=N$	$470$	$O=O$	$498$
$C=N$	$615$	$N=O$	$587$	$O=S$	$522$
$C=O$	$804$
$C=S$	$536$			$S=S$	$429$

$C \equiv C$	$839$	$N \equiv N$	$945$
$C \equiv N$	$890$
$C \equiv O$	$1077$

13. Thermodynamic data (selected compounds)

Substance	Formula	State	$\Delta H_{f}^{\ominus} / kJ mol^{-1}$	$\Delta G_{f}^{\ominus} / kJ mol^{-1}$	$S^{\ominus} / J K^{-1} mol^{-1}$
$\text{methane}$	$CH_{4}$	$\text{g}$	$-74$	$-50$	$+186$
$\text{ethane}$	$C_{2} H_{6}$	$\text{g}$	$-84$	$-32$	$+230$
$\text{propane}$	$C_{3} H_{8}$	$\text{g}$	$-105$	$-24$	$+270$
$\text{butane}$	$C_{4} H_{10}$	$\text{g}$	$-126$	$-17$	$+310$
$\text{pentane}$	$C_{5} H_{12}$	$\text{l}$	$-173$
$\text{hexane}$	$C_{6} H_{14}$	$\text{l}$	$-199$
$\text{ethene}$	$C_{2} H_{4}$	$\text{g}$	$+52$	$+68$	$+220$
$\text{propene}$	$C_{3} H_{6}$	$\text{g}$	$+20$	$+62$	$+267$
$\text{but-1-ene}$	$C_{4} H_{8}$	$\text{g}$	$+0.1$	$+71$	$+306$
$\text{cis-but-2-ene}$	$C_{4} H_{8}$	$\text{g}$	$-7$	$+66$	$+301$
$\text{trans-but-2-ene}$	$C_{4} H_{8}$	$\text{g}$	$-11$	$+63$	$+297$
$\text{ethyne}$	$C_{2} H_{2}$	$\text{g}$	$+228$	$+211$	$+201$
$\text{propyne}$	$C_{3} H_{4}$	$\text{g}$	$+185$	$+194$	$+248$
$\text{buta-1,3-diene}$	$C_{4} H_{6}$	$\text{g}$	$+110$	$+151$	$+279$
$\text{cyclohexane}$	$C_{6} H_{12}$	$\text{l}$	$-156$
$\text{benzene}$	$C_{6} H_{6}$	$\text{l}$	$+49$	$+125$	$+173$
$\text{methylbenzene}$	$C_{6} H_{5} CH_{3}$	$\text{l}$	$+12$
$\text{ethylbenzene}$	$C_{6} H_{5} CH_{2} CH_{3}$	$\text{l}$	$-12$
$\text{phenylethene}$	$C_{6} H_{5} CHCH_{2}$	$\text{l}$	$+104$
$\text{chloromethane}$	$CH_{3} Cl$	$\text{g}$	$-82$	$-58$	$+235$
$\text{dichloromethane}$	$CH_{2} Cl_{2}$	$\text{l}$	$-124$		$+178$
$\text{trichloromethane}$	$CHCl_{3}$	$\text{l}$	$-134$	$-74$	$+202$
$\text{bromomethane}$	$CH_{3} Br$	$\text{g}$	$-36$	$-26$	$+246$
$\text{iodomethane}$	$CH_{3} I$	$\text{l}$	$-14$		$+163$
$\text{chloroethane}$	$C_{2} H_{5} Cl$	$\text{g}$	$-137$	$-53$
$\text{bromoethane}$	$C_{2} H_{5} Br$	$\text{l}$	$-90$	$-26$	$+199$
$\text{chlorobenzene}$	$C_{6} H_{5} Cl$	$\text{l}$	$+11$
$\text{methanol}$	$CH_{3} OH$	$\text{l}$	$-239$	$-167$	$+127$
$\text{ethanol}$	$C_{2} H_{5} OH$	$\text{l}$	$-278$	$-175$	$+161$
$\text{phenol}$	$C_{6} H_{5} OH$	$\text{s}$	$-165$		$+144$
$\text{methanal}$	$HCHO$	$\text{g}$	$-109$	$-102$	$+219$
$\text{ethanal}$	$CH_{3} CHO$	$\text{g}$	$-166$	$-133$	$+264$
$\text{propanone}$	$\left(CH_{3}\right)_{2} CO$	$\text{l}$	$-248$		$+200$
$\text{methanoic acid}$	$HCOOH$	$\text{l}$	$-425$	$-361$	$+129$
$\text{ethanoic acid}$	$CH_{3} COOH$	$\text{l}$	$-484$	$-390$	$+160$
$\text{benzoic acid}$	$C_{6} H_{5} COOH$	$\text{s}$	$-385$		$+168$
$\text{methylamine}$	$CH_{3} NH_{2}$	$\text{g}$	$-23$	$+32$	$+243$
$\text{water}$	$H_{2} O$	$\text{l}$	$-286$	$-237$	$+70$
$\text{steam}$	$H_{2} O$	$\text{g}$	$-242$	$-229$	$+189$
$\text{carbon monoxide}$	$CO$	$\text{g}$	$-111$	$-137$	$+198$
$\text{carbon dioxide}$	$CO_{2}$	$\text{g}$	$-394$	$-394$	$+214$
$\text{hydrogen bromide}$	$HBr$	$\text{g}$	$-36$	$-53$	$+199$
$\text{hydrogen chloride}$	$HCl$	$\text{g}$	$-92$	$-95$	$+187$
$\text{hydrogen fluoride}$	$HF$	$\text{g}$	$-273$	$-275$	$+174$
$\text{hydrogen iodide}$	$HI$	$\text{g}$	$+26$	$+2$	$+207$

14. Enthalpies of combustion

The values of the molar enthalpy of combustion $(Δ H_{c}^{⊖})$ in the following table refer to a temperature of 298.15 K and a pressure of 100 kPa .

Substance	Formula	State	$\Delta \boldsymbol{H}_{c}{ }^{\ominus} / kJ mol^{-1}$
$\text{hydrogen}$	$H_{2}$	$\text{g}$	$-286$
$\text{sulfur}$	S	$\text{s}$	$-297$
$\text{carbon (graphite)}$	C	$\text{s}$	$-394$
$\text{carbon monoxide}$	CO	$\text{g}$	$-283$
$\text{methane}$	$CH_{4}$	$\text{g}$	$-891$
$\text{ethane}$	$C_{2} H_{6}$	$\text{g}$	$-1561$
$\text{propane}$	$C_{3} H_{8}$	$\text{g}$	$-2219$
$\text{butane}$	$C_{4} H_{10}$	$\text{g}$	$-2878$
$\text{pentane}$	$C_{5} H_{12}$	$\text{l}$	$-3509$
$\text{hexane}$	$C_{6} H_{14}$	$\text{l}$	$-4163$
$\text{octane}$	$C_{8} H_{18}$	$\text{l}$	$-5470$
$\text{cyclohexane}$	$C_{6} H_{12}$	$\text{l}$	$-3920$
$\text{ethene}$	$C_{2} H_{4}$	$\text{g}$	$-1411$
$\text{buta-1,3-diene}$	$C_{4} H_{6}$	$\text{g}$	$-2541$
$\text{ethyne}$	$C_{2} H_{2}$	$\text{g}$	$-1301$
$\text{benzene}$	$C_{6} H_{6}$	$\text{l}$	$-3268$
$\text{methylbenzene}$	$C_{6} H_{5} CH_{3}$	$\text{l}$	$-3910$
$\text{naphthalene}$	$C_{10} H_{8}$	$\text{s}$	$-5156$
$\text{chloroethane}$	$C_{2} H_{5} Cl$	$\text{g}$	$-1413$
$\text{iodoethane}$	$C_{2} H_{5} I$	$\text{l}$	$-1463$
$\text{trichloromethane}$	$CHCl_{3}$	$\text{l}$	$-473$
$\text{methanol}$	$CH_{3} OH$	$\text{l}$	$-726$
$\text{ethanol}$	$C_{2} H_{5} OH$	$\text{l}$	$-1367$

Substance	Formula	State	$\Delta H_{c}{ }^{\ominus} / kJ mol^{-1}$
$\text{propan-1-ol}$	$C_{3} H_{7} OH$	$\text{l}$	$-2021$
$\text{butan-1-ol}$	$C_{4} H_{9} OH$	$\text{l}$	$-2676$
$\text{cyclohexanol}$	$C_{6} H_{11} OH$	$\text{s}$	$-3728$
$\text{phenol}$	$C_{6} H_{5} OH$	$\text{s}$	$-3053$
$\text{ethoxyethane}$	$\left(C_{2} H_{5}\right)_{2} O$	$\text{l}$	$-2724$
$\text{methanal}$	HCHO	$\text{g}$	$-571$
$\text{ethanal}$	$CH_{3} CHO$	$\text{g}$	$-1167$
$\text{benzaldehyde}$	$C_{6} H_{5} CHO$	$\text{l}$	$-3525$
$\text{propanone}$	$\left(CH_{3}\right)_{2} CO$	$\text{l}$	$-1790$
$\text{pentan-3-one}$	$\left(C_{2} H_{5}\right)_{2} CO$	$\text{l}$	$-3100$
$\text{phenylethanone}$	$CH_{3} COC_{6} H_{5}$	$\text{l}$	$-4149$
$\text{methanoic acid}$	HCOOH	$\text{l}$	$-255$
$\text{ethanoic acid}$	$CH_{3} COOH$	$\text{l}$	$-874$
$\text{benzoic acid}$	$C_{6} H_{5} COOH$	$\text{s}$	$-3228$
$\text{ethanedioic acid}$	$(COOH)_{2}$	$\text{s}$	$-243$
$\text{ethyl ethanoate}$	$CH_{3} COOC_{2} H_{5}$	$\text{l}$	$-2238$
$\text{ethanamide}$	$CH_{3} CONH_{2}$	$\text{s}$	$-1186$
$\text{methylamine}$	$CH_{3} NH_{2}$	$\text{g}$	$-1086$
$\text{phenylamine}$	$C_{6} H_{5} NH_{2}$	$\text{l}$	$-3393$
$\text{nitrobenzene}$	$C_{6} H_{5} NO_{2}$	$\text{l}$	$-3088$
$\text{urea}$	$CO\left(NH_{2}\right)_{2}$	$\text{s}$	$-633$
$\text{glucose}$	$C_{6} H_{12} O_{6}$	$\text{s}$	$-2803$
$\text{sucrose}$	$C_{12} H_{22} O_{11}$	$\text{s}$	$-5640$

15. Colour wheel with wavelengths of the visible spectrum

16. Lattice enthalpies at 298.15 K (experimental values)

The lattice enthalpy values ( $Δ H_{lattice}^{⊖}$ ) in the following tables relate to the endothermic process:

$M_{a} X_{b} (s) \to a M^{b +} (g) + b X^{a -} (g)$

in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an infinite distance from each other.

The data in these tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable Born-Haber cycle.

$\text{Alkali metal halides}$	$\Delta \boldsymbol{H}_{\text{lattice}}^{\ominus} / kJ mol^{-1}$
	$\mathbf{F}$	$\mathbf{Cl}$	$\mathbf{Br}$	$\mathbf{I}$
$Li$	$1049$	$864$	$820$	$764$
$Na$	$930$	$790$	$754$	$705$
$K$	$829$	$720$	$691$	$650$
$Rb$	$795$	$695$	$668$	$632$
$Cs$	$759$	$670$	$647$	$613$

$\text{Other substances}$	$\Delta \boldsymbol{H}_{\text{lattice}}^{\ominus} / kJ mol^{-1}$
$CaF_{2}$	$2651$
$BeCl_{2}$	$3033$
$MgCl_{2}$	$2540$
$CaCl_{2}$	$2271$
$SrCl_{2}$	$2170$
$BaCl_{2}$	$2069$
$MgO$	$3791$
$CaO$	$3401$

$\text{Other substances}$	$\Delta \boldsymbol{H}_{\text{lattice}}^{\ominus} / kJ mol^{-1}$
$SrO$	$3223$
$BaO$	$3054$
$CuCl_{2}$	$2824$
$AgF$	$974$
$AgCl$	$918$
$AgBr$	$905$
$AgI$	$892$

17. Triangular bonding diagram (van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle)

18. Acid-base indicators

	Colour change
$\text{Indicator}$	$\mathbf{p}K_{\text{a}}$	$\mathbf{pH}$ $\text{range}$	$\text{Acid}$	$\text{Alkali}$
$\text{methyl orange}$	$3.7$	$3.1-4.4$	$\text{red}$	$\text{yellow}$
$\text{bromophenol blue}$	$4.2$	$3.0-4.6$	$\text{yellow}$	$\text{blue}$
$\text{bromocresol green}$	$4.7$	$4.0-5.6$	$\text{yellow}$	$\text{blue}$
$\text{methyl red}$	$5.1$	$4.4-6.2$	$\text{red}$	$\text{yellow}$
$\text{bromothymol blue}$	$7.0$	$6.0-7.6$	$\text{yellow}$	$\text{blue}$
$\text{phenol red}$	$7.9$	$6.4-8.0$	$\text{yellow}$	$\text{red}$
$\text{phenolphthalein}$	$9.6$	$8.0-10.0$	$\text{colourless}$	$\text{pink}$

19. Standard reduction potentials at 298.15 K

$\text{Half-reaction}$	$E^{\ominus} / \text{V}$
$Li^{+}(\text{aq}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Li(\text{s})$	$-3.04$
$K^{+}(\text{aq}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons K(\text{s})$	$-2.93$
$Ca^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Ca(\text{s})$	$-2.87$
$Na^{+}(\text{aq}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Na(\text{s})$	$-2.71$
$Mg^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Mg(\text{s})$	$-2.37$
$Al^{3+}(\text{aq}) + 3e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Al(\text{s})$	$-1.66$
$Mn^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Mn(\text{s})$	$-1.18$
$H_{2}O(\text{l}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons \frac{1}{2}H_{2}(\text{g}) + OH^{-}(\text{aq})$	$-0.83$
$Zn^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Zn(\text{s})$	$-0.76$
$Fe^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Fe(\text{s})$	$-0.45$
$Ni^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Ni(\text{s})$	$-0.26$
$Sn^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Sn(\text{s})$	$-0.14$
$Pb^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Pb(\text{s})$	$-0.13$
$H^{+}(\text{aq}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons \frac{1}{2}H_{2}(\text{g})$	$0.00$
$Cu^{2+}(\text{aq}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Cu^{+}(\text{aq})$	$+0.15$
$SO_{4}^{2-}(\text{aq}) + 4H^{+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons H_{2}SO_{3}(\text{aq}) + H_{2}O(\text{l})$	$+0.17$
$Cu^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Cu(\text{s})$	$+0.34$
$\frac{1}{2}O_{2}(\text{g}) + H_{2}O(\text{l}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons 2OH^{-}(\text{aq})$	$+0.40$
$Cu^{+}(\text{aq}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Cu(\text{s})$	$+0.52$
$\frac{1}{2}I_{2}(\text{s}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons I^{-}(\text{aq})$	$+0.54$
$Fe^{3+}(\text{aq}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Fe^{2+}(\text{aq})$	$+0.77$
$Ag^{+}(\text{aq}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Ag(\text{s})$	$+0.80$
$\frac{1}{2}Br_{2}(\text{l}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Br^{-}(\text{aq})$	$+1.09$
$\frac{1}{2}O_{2}(\text{g}) + 2H^{+}(\text{aq}) + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons H_{2}O(\text{l})$	$+1.23$
$Cr_{2}O_{7}^{2-}(\text{aq}) + 14H^{+}(\text{aq}) + 6e^{-} \rightleftharpoons 2Cr^{3+}(\text{aq}) + 7H_{2}O(\text{l})$	$+1.36$
$\frac{1}{2}Cl_{2}(\text{g}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Cl^{-}(\text{aq})$	$+1.36$
$MnO_{4}^{-}(\text{aq}) + 8H^{+}(\text{aq}) + 5e^{-} \rightleftharpoons Mn^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 4H_{2}O(\text{l})$	$+1.51$
$\frac{1}{2}F_{2}(\text{g}) + e^{-} \rightleftharpoons F^{-}(\text{aq})$	$+2.87$

20. Infrared data

Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules

$\text{Bond}$	$\text{Types of organic molecules}$	$\text{Wavenumber} / cm^{-1}$	$\text{Intensity}$
$C-I$	$\text{iodoalkanes}$	$490-620$	$\text{strong}$
$C-Br$	$\text{bromoalkanes}$	$500-600$	$\text{strong}$
$C-Cl$	$\text{chloroalkanes}$	$600-800$	$\text{strong}$
$C-F$	$\text{fluoroalkanes}$	$1000-1400$	$\text{strong}$
$C-O$	$\text{alcohols, esters, ethers}$	$1050-1410$	$\text{strong}$
$C=C$	$\text{alkenes}$	$1620-1680$	$\text{medium-weak; multiple bands}$
$C=O$	$\text{aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters}$	$1700-1750$	$\text{strong}$
$C \equiv C$	$\text{alkynes}$	$2100-2260$	$\text{variable}$
$O-H$	$\text{carboxylic acids (with hydrogen bonding)}$	$2500-3000$	$\text{strong, very broad}$
$C-H$	$\text{alkanes, alkenes, arenes}$	$2850-3090$	$\text{strong}$
$O-H$	$\text{alcohols and phenols (with hydrogen bonding)}$	$3200-3600$	$\text{strong, broad}$
$N-H$	$\text{primary amines}$	$3300-3500$	$\text{medium; two bands}$

21. ¹H NMR data

Typical proton chemical shift values ( $δ$ ) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents $F, Cl, Br$ or I . These values may vary for different solvents and conditions.

22. Mass spectral fragments lost

$\text{Mass lost}$ $(M_r)$	$\text{Possible neutral fragment lost}$
$15$	$\bullet CH_3$
$17$	$\bullet OH$
$18$	$H_2O$
$28$	$CH_2=CH_2$ $\quad$ $CO$
$29$	$\bullet CH_2CH_3$ $\quad$ $\bullet CHO$
$31$	$\bullet OCH_3$
$45$	$\bullet COOH$

23. Uncertainties

If: $y=a \pm b$	then: $\Delta y=\Delta a+\Delta b$
If: $y=\frac{a b}{c}$	then: $\frac{\Delta y}{y}=\frac{\Delta a}{a}+\frac{\Delta b}{b}+\frac{\Delta c}{c}$
If: $y=a^{n}$	then: $\frac{\Delta y}{y}=\left\lvert n \frac{\Delta a}{a}\right\rvert$