D1.1.1 DNA replication

24 flashcards

D1.1.2 Semi-conservative nature of DNA replication

13 flashcards

D1.1.3 Role of helicase and DNA polymerase in DNA replication

19 flashcards

D1.1.4 Polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis

14 flashcards

D1.1.5 Applications of polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis

12 flashcards

D1.1.6 Directionality of DNA polymerases (HL)

17 flashcards

D1.1.7 Differences between replication on the leading strand and the lagging strand (HL)

21 flashcards

D1.1.8 DNA primase, DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III and DNA ligase in replication (HL)

18 flashcards

D1.1.9 DNA proofreading (HL)

12 flashcards

D1.2.1 Transcription as the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template

20 flashcards

D1.2.2 Role of hydrogen bonding and complementary base pairing in transcription

11 flashcards

D1.2.3 Stability of DNA templates

12 flashcards

D1.2.4 Transcription as a process required for the expression of genes

10 flashcards

D1.2.5 Translation as the synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA

23 flashcards

D1.2.6 Roles of mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA in translation

25 flashcards

D1.2.7 Complementary base pairing between tRNA and mRNA

24 flashcards

D1.2.8 Features of the genetic code

10 flashcards

D1.2.9 Using the genetic code expressed as a table of mRNA codons

14 flashcards

D1.2.10 Stepwise movement of the ribosome along mRNA

11 flashcards

D1.2.11 Mutations that change protein structure

21 flashcards

D1.2.12 Directionality of transcription and translation (HL)

22 flashcards

D1.2.13 Initiation of transcription at the promoter (HL)

18 flashcards

D1.2.14 Non-coding sequences in DNA do not code for polypeptides (HL)

18 flashcards

D1.2.15 Post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic cells (HL)

17 flashcards

D1.2.16 Alternative splicing of exons to produce variants of a protein from a single gene (HL)

17 flashcards

D1.2.17 Initiation of translation (HL)

19 flashcards

D1.2.18 Modification of polypeptides into their functional state (HL)

19 flashcards

D1.2.19 Recycling of amino acids by proteasomes (HL)

19 flashcards

D1.3.1 Gene mutations as structural changes to genes at the molecular level

22 flashcards

D1.3.2 Consequences of base substitutions

12 flashcards

D1.3.3 Consequences of insertions and deletions

19 flashcards

D1.3.4 Causes of gene mutation

28 flashcards

D1.3.5 Randomness in mutation

12 flashcards

D1.3.6 Consequences of mutation in germ cells and somatic cells

12 flashcards

D1.3.7 Mutation as a source of genetic variation

17 flashcards

D1.3.8 Gene knockout (HL)

11 flashcards

D1.3.9 Use of the CRISPR sequences and the enzyme Cas9 in gene editing (HL)

19 flashcards

D1.3.10 Hypotheses to account for conserved or highly conserved sequences in genes (HL)

12 flashcards

D2.1.1 Generation of new cells in living organisms by cell division

15 flashcards

D2.1.2 Cytokinesis as splitting of cytoplasm in a parent cell between daughter cells

14 flashcards

D2.1.3 Equal and unequal cytokinesis

22 flashcards

D2.1.4 Roles of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes

20 flashcards

D2.1.5 DNA replication as a prerequisite for both mitosis and meiosis

17 flashcards

D2.1.6 Condensation and movement of chromosomes as shared features of mitosis and meiosis

25 flashcards

D2.1.7 Phases of mitosis

20 flashcards

D2.1.8 Identification of phases of mitosis

15 flashcards

D2.1.9 Meiosis as a reduction division

27 flashcards

D2.1.10 Down syndrome and non-disjunction

20 flashcards

D2.1.11 Meiosis as a source of variation

16 flashcards

D2.1.12 Cell proliferation for growth, cell replacement and tissue repair (HL)

21 flashcards

D2.1.13 Phases of the cell cycle (HL)

21 flashcards

D2.1.14 Cell growth during interphase (HL)

12 flashcards

D2.1.15 Control of the cell cycle using cyclins (HL)

22 flashcards

D2.1.16 Consequences of mutations in genes that control the cell cycle (HL)

13 flashcards

D2.1.17 Differences between tumours (HL)

20 flashcards

D2.2.1 Gene expression

22 flashcards

D2.2.2 Regulation of transcription by proteins

18 flashcards

D2.2.3 Control of the degradation of mRNA

12 flashcards

D2.2.4 Epigenesis

11 flashcards

D2.2.5 Differences between the genome, transcriptome and proteome of individual cells

17 flashcards

D2.2.6 Methylation of the promoter and histones in nucleosomes as examples of epigenetic tags

21 flashcards

D2.2.7 Epigenetic inheritance through heritable changes to gene expression

25 flashcards

D2.2.8 Examples of environmental effects on gene expression in cells and organisms

12 flashcards

D2.2.9 Consequences of removal of most but not all epigenetic tags from the ovum and sperm

14 flashcards

D2.2.10 Monozygotic twin studies

12 flashcards

D2.2.11 External factors impacting the pattern of gene expression

13 flashcards

D2.3.1 Solvation with water as the solvent

13 flashcards

D2.3.2 Water movement from less concentrated to more concentrated solutions

14 flashcards

D2.3.3 Water movement by osmosis into or out of cells

16 flashcards

D2.3.4 Changes due to water movement in plant tissue

23 flashcards

D2.3.5 Effects of water movement on cells that lack a cell wall

18 flashcards

D2.3.6 Effects of water movement on cells with a cell wall

19 flashcards

D2.3.7 Medical applications of isotonic solutions

12 flashcards

D2.3.8 Water potential as the potential energy of water per unit volume (HL)

13 flashcards

D2.3.9 Movement of water from higher to lower water potential (HL)

14 flashcards

D2.3.10 Contributions of solute potential and pressure potential to the water potential (HL)

19 flashcards

D2.3.11 Water potential and water movements in plant tissue (HL)

16 flashcards

D3.1.1 Differences between sexual and asexual reproduction

12 flashcards

D3.1.2 Role of meiosis and fusion of gametes in the sexual life cycle

12 flashcards

D3.1.3 Differences between male and female sexes in sexual reproduction

12 flashcards

D3.1.4 Anatomy of the human male and female reproductive systems

21 flashcards

D3.1.5 Changes during the ovarian and uterine cycles and their hormonal regulation

18 flashcards

D3.1.6 Fertilization in humans

18 flashcards

D3.1.7 Use of hormones in in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment

17 flashcards

D3.1.8 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

21 flashcards

D3.1.9 Features of an insect-pollinated flower

14 flashcards

D3.1.10 Methods of promoting cross-pollination

17 flashcards

D3.1.11 Self-incompatibility mechanisms to increase genetic variation within a species

12 flashcards

D3.1.12 Dispersal and germination of seeds

13 flashcards

D3.1.13 Control of the developmental changes of puberty (HL)

13 flashcards

D3.1.14 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans (HL)

24 flashcards

D3.1.15 Mechanisms to prevent polyspermy (HL)

12 flashcards

D3.1.16 Development of a blastocyst and implantation in the endometrium (HL)

21 flashcards

D3.1.17 Pregnancy testing by detection of human chorionic gonadotropin secretion (HL)

22 flashcards

D3.1.18 Role of the placenta in foetal development inside the uterus (HL)

18 flashcards

D3.1.19 Hormonal control of pregnancy and childbirth (HL)

12 flashcards

D3.1.20 Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of coronary heart disease (HL)

12 flashcards

D3.2.1 Production of haploid gametes in parents

17 flashcards

D3.2.2 Methods for conducting genetic crosses in flowering plants

22 flashcards

D3.2.3 Genotype as the combination of alleles inherited by an organism

16 flashcards

D3.2.4 Phenotype

16 flashcards

D3.2.5 Effects of dominant and recessive alleles on phenotype

17 flashcards

D3.2.6 Phenotypic plasticity

18 flashcards

D3.2.7 Phenylketonuria

17 flashcards

D3.2.8 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and multiple alleles in gene pools

14 flashcards

D3.2.9 ABO blood groups as an example of multiple alleles

15 flashcards

D3.2.10 Incomplete dominance and codominance

20 flashcards

D3.2.11 Sex determination in humans and inheritance of genes on sex chromosomes

19 flashcards

D3.2.12 Haemophilia as an example of a sex-linked genetic disorder

12 flashcards

D3.2.13 Pedigree charts to deduce patterns of inheritance of genetic disorders

22 flashcards

D3.2.14 Continuous variation due to polygenic inheritance and/or environmental factors

17 flashcards

D3.2.15 Box-and-whisker plots to represent data for a continuous variable such as student height

19 flashcards

D3.2.16 Segregation and independent assortment of unlinked genes in meiosis (HL)

17 flashcards

D3.2.17 Punnett grids for predicting genotypic and phenotypic ratios in dihybrid crosses (HL)

26 flashcards

D3.2.18 Loci of human genes and their polypeptide products (HL)

14 flashcards

D3.2.19 Autosomal gene linkage (HL)

15 flashcards

D3.2.20 Recombinants in crosses involving two linked or unlinked genes (HL)

14 flashcards

D3.2.21 Use of a chi-squared test on data from dihybrid crosses (HL)

13 flashcards

D3.3.1 Homeostasis

16 flashcards

D3.3.2 Negative feedback loops in homeostasis

21 flashcards

D3.3.3 Regulation of blood glucose as an example of the role of hormones in homeostasis

12 flashcards

D3.3.4 Physiological changes that form the basis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes

23 flashcards

D3.3.5 Thermoregulation as an example of negative feedback control

12 flashcards

D3.3.6 Thermoregulation mechanisms in humans

19 flashcards

D3.3.7 Role of the kidney in osmoregulation and excretion (HL)

26 flashcards

D3.3.8 Role of the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule and proximal convoluted tubule in excretion (HL)

22 flashcards

D3.3.9 Role of the loop of Henle (HL)

11 flashcards

D3.3.10 Osmoregulation by water reabsorption in the collecting ducts (HL)

22 flashcards

D3.3.11 Changes in blood supply to organs in response to changes in activity (HL)

15 flashcards

D4.1.1 Natural selection as the mechanism driving evolutionary change

13 flashcards

D4.1.2 Roles of mutation and sexual reproduction

20 flashcards

D4.1.3 Overproduction of offspring and competition for resources

14 flashcards

D4.1.4 Abiotic factors as selection pressures

12 flashcards

D4.1.5 Differences between individuals in adaptation, survival and reproduction

11 flashcards

D4.1.6 Requirement that traits are heritable for evolutionary change to occur

11 flashcards

D4.1.7 Sexual selection as a selection pressure in animal species

12 flashcards

D4.1.8 Modelling of sexual and natural selection

14 flashcards

D4.1.9 Concept of the gene pool (HL)

11 flashcards

D4.1.10 Allele frequencies of geographically isolated populations (HL)

13 flashcards

D4.1.11 Changes in allele frequency in the gene pool (HL)

12 flashcards

D4.1.12 Differences between directional, disruptive and stabilizing selection (HL)

15 flashcards

D4.1.13 Hardy–Weinberg equation and calculations of allele or genotype frequencies (HL)

13 flashcards

D4.1.14 Hardy–Weinberg conditions (HL)

13 flashcards

D4.1.15 Artificial selection by deliberate choice of traits (HL)

13 flashcards

D4.2.1 Stability as a property of natural ecosystems

13 flashcards

D4.2.2 Requirements for stability in ecosystems

11 flashcards

D4.2.3 Deforestation of Amazon rainforest

13 flashcards

D4.2.4 Use of a model to investigate the effect of variables on ecosystem stability

14 flashcards

D4.2.5 Role of keystone species in the stability of ecosystems

15 flashcards

D4.2.6 Assessing sustainability of resource harvesting from natural ecosystems

11 flashcards

D4.2.7 Factors affecting the sustainability of agriculture

16 flashcards

D4.2.8 Eutrophication of aquatic and marine ecosystems due to leaching

19 flashcards

D4.2.9 Biomagnification of pollutants in natural ecosystems

14 flashcards

D4.2.10 Effects of microplastic and macroplastic pollution of the oceans

14 flashcards

D4.2.11 Restoration of natural processes in ecosystems by rewilding

12 flashcards

D4.2.12 Ecological succession and its causes (HL)

13 flashcards

D4.2.13 Changes occurring during primary succession (HL)

16 flashcards

D4.2.14 Cyclical succession in ecosystems (HL)

14 flashcards

D4.2.15 Climax communities and arrested succession (HL)

11 flashcards

D4.3.1 Anthropogenic causes of climate change

24 flashcards

D4.3.2 Positive feedback cycles in global warming

20 flashcards

D4.3.3 Change from net carbon accumulation to net loss in boreal forests

14 flashcards

D4.3.4 Melting of landfast ice and sea ice as examples of polar habitat change

13 flashcards

D4.3.5 Changes in ocean currents altering the timing and extent of nutrient upwelling

15 flashcards

D4.3.6 Poleward and upslope range shifts of temperate species

14 flashcards

D4.3.7 Threats to coral reefs as an example of potential ecosystem collapse

14 flashcards

D4.3.8 Afforestation, forest regeneration and restoration of peat-forming wetlands

12 flashcards

D4.3.9 Phenology as research into the timing of biological events (HL)

13 flashcards

D4.3.10 Disruption to the synchrony of phenological events by climate change (HL)

13 flashcards

D4.3.11 Increases to the number of insect life cycles within a year due to climate change (HL)

18 flashcards

D4.3.12 Evolution as a consequence of climate change (HL)

12 flashcards