Flashcards for D - Continuity and Change - IB
These interactive flashcards help IB Biology students Standard Level (SL) and Higher Level (HL) quickly review and memorize the essential definitions, formulas, and terms needed for success in IB Exams. Each card focuses on D - Continuity and Change and is aligned with the IB Biology syllabus, ensuring focused revision on cell biology, genetics, and ecology. Students can test themselves anytime, anywhere, perfect for reinforcing tricky concepts, learning IB terminology, and committing formulas to memory. By using RevisionDojo's flashcards consistently, learners turn repetition into mastery and enter the exam with confidence.
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D1.1 DNA replication
9 subtopics
D1.1.4 Polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis
20 flashcards
D1.1.5 Applications of polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis
18 flashcards
D1.1.6 Directionality of DNA polymerases (HL)
16 flashcards
D1.1.7 Differences between replication on the leading strand and the lagging strand (HL)
18 flashcards
D1.1.8 DNA primase, DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III and DNA ligase in replication (HL)
20 flashcards
D1.1.9 DNA proofreading (HL)
19 flashcards
D1.2 Protein synthesis
19 subtopics
D1.2.3 Stability of DNA templates
20 flashcards
D1.2.4 Transcription as a process required for the expression of genes
12 flashcards
D1.2.6 Roles of mRNA, ribosomes and tRNA in translation
18 flashcards
D1.2.7 Complementary base pairing between tRNA and mRNA
15 flashcards
D1.2.8 Features of the genetic code
17 flashcards
D1.2.9 Using the genetic code expressed as a table of mRNA codons
8 flashcards
D1.2.10 Stepwise movement of the ribosome along mRNA
12 flashcards
D1.2.11 Mutations that change protein structure
16 flashcards
D1.2.12 Directionality of transcription and translation (HL)
20 flashcards
D1.2.13 Initiation of transcription at the promoter (HL)
17 flashcards
D1.2.14 Non-coding sequences in DNA do not code for polypeptides (HL)
19 flashcards
D1.2.15 Post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotic cells (HL)
15 flashcards
D1.2.16 Alternative splicing of exons to produce variants of a protein from a single gene (HL)
17 flashcards
D1.2.17 Initiation of translation (HL)
15 flashcards
D1.2.18 Modification of polypeptides into their functional state (HL)
18 flashcards
D1.2.19 Recycling of amino acids by proteasomes (HL)
20 flashcards
D1.3 Mutations and gene editing
10 subtopics
D1.3.3 Consequences of insertions and deletions
18 flashcards
D1.3.4 Causes of gene mutation
17 flashcards
D1.3.5 Randomness in mutation
14 flashcards
D1.3.6 Consequences of mutation in germ cells and somatic cells
15 flashcards
D1.3.7 Mutation as a source of genetic variation
13 flashcards
D1.3.8 Gene knockout (HL)
14 flashcards
D1.3.9 Use of the CRISPR sequences and the enzyme Cas9 in gene editing (HL)
15 flashcards
D1.3.10 Hypotheses to account for conserved or highly conserved sequences in genes (HL)
20 flashcards
D2.1 Cell and nuclear division
17 subtopics
D2.1.1 Generation of new cells in living organisms by cell division
14 flashcards
D2.1.2 Cytokinesis as splitting of cytoplasm in a parent cell between daughter cells
19 flashcards
D2.1.3 Equal and unequal cytokinesis
15 flashcards
D2.1.4 Roles of mitosis and meiosis in eukaryotes
20 flashcards
D2.1.5 DNA replication as a prerequisite for both mitosis and meiosis
18 flashcards
D2.1.6 Condensation and movement of chromosomes as shared features of mitosis and meiosis
13 flashcards
D2.1.9 Meiosis as a reduction division
23 flashcards
D2.1.10 Down syndrome and non-disjunction
17 flashcards
D2.1.11 Meiosis as a source of variation
15 flashcards
D2.1.12 Cell proliferation for growth, cell replacement and tissue repair (HL)
20 flashcards
D2.1.13 Phases of the cell cycle (HL)
18 flashcards
D2.1.14 Cell growth during interphase (HL)
19 flashcards
D2.1.15 Control of the cell cycle using cyclins (HL)
14 flashcards
D2.1.16 Consequences of mutations in genes that control the cell cycle (HL)
14 flashcards
D2.1.17 Differences between tumours (HL)
15 flashcards
D2.2 Gene expression (HL)
11 subtopics
D2.2.2 Regulation of transcription by proteins
19 flashcards
D2.2.3 Control of the degradation of mRNA
14 flashcards
D2.2.5 Differences between the genome, transcriptome and proteome of individual cells
20 flashcards
D2.2.6 Methylation of the promoter and histones in nucleosomes as examples of epigenetic tags
19 flashcards
D2.2.8 Examples of environmental effects on gene expression in cells and organisms
22 flashcards
D2.2.9 Consequences of removal of most but not all epigenetic tags from the ovum and sperm
9 flashcards
D2.2.10 Monozygotic twin studies
16 flashcards
D2.2.11 External factors impacting the pattern of gene expression
14 flashcards
D2.3 Water potential
11 subtopics
D2.3.1 Solvation with water as the solvent
16 flashcards
D2.3.4 Changes due to water movement in plant tissue
18 flashcards
D2.3.6 Effects of water movement on cells with a cell wall
16 flashcards
D2.3.8 Water potential as the potential energy of water per unit volume (HL)
20 flashcards
D2.3.9 Movement of water from higher to lower water potential (HL)
18 flashcards
D2.3.10 Contributions of solute potential and pressure potential to the water potential (HL)
20 flashcards
D2.3.11 Water potential and water movements in plant tissue (HL)
18 flashcards
D3.1 Reproduction
20 subtopics
D3.1.1 Differences between sexual and asexual reproduction
21 flashcards
D3.1.8 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
21 flashcards
D3.1.9 Features of an insect-pollinated flower
21 flashcards
D3.1.11 Self-incompatibility mechanisms to increase genetic variation within a species
16 flashcards
D3.1.12 Dispersal and germination of seeds
20 flashcards
D3.1.20 Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of coronary heart disease (HL)
15 flashcards
D3.2 Inheritance
21 subtopics
D3.2.2 Methods for conducting genetic crosses in flowering plants
19 flashcards
D3.2.4 Phenotype
18 flashcards
D3.2.5 Effects of dominant and recessive alleles on phenotype
17 flashcards
D3.2.6 Phenotypic plasticity
15 flashcards
D3.2.7 Phenylketonuria
19 flashcards
D3.2.8 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and multiple alleles in gene pools
15 flashcards
D3.2.9 ABO blood groups as an example of multiple alleles
21 flashcards
D3.2.10 Incomplete dominance and codominance
15 flashcards
D3.2.11 Sex determination in humans and inheritance of genes on sex chromosomes
16 flashcards
D3.2.12 Haemophilia as an example of a sex-linked genetic disorder
15 flashcards
D3.2.13 Pedigree charts to deduce patterns of inheritance of genetic disorders
19 flashcards
D3.2.14 Continuous variation due to polygenic inheritance and/or environmental factors
18 flashcards
D3.2.15 Box-and-whisker plots to represent data for a continuous variable such as student height
16 flashcards
D3.2.16 Segregation and independent assortment of unlinked genes in meiosis (HL)
17 flashcards
D3.2.17 Punnett grids for predicting genotypic and phenotypic ratios in dihybrid crosses (HL)
21 flashcards
D3.2.18 Loci of human genes and their polypeptide products (HL)
16 flashcards
D3.2.19 Autosomal gene linkage (HL)
15 flashcards
D3.2.20 Recombinants in crosses involving two linked or unlinked genes (HL)
19 flashcards
D3.2.21 Use of a chi-squared test on data from dihybrid crosses (HL)
16 flashcards
D3.3 Homeostasis
11 subtopics
D3.3.2 Negative feedback loops in homeostasis
15 flashcards
D3.3.3 Regulation of blood glucose as an example of the role of hormones in homeostasis
21 flashcards
D3.3.4 Physiological changes that form the basis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
17 flashcards
D3.3.5 Thermoregulation as an example of negative feedback control
15 flashcards
D3.3.6 Thermoregulation mechanisms in humans
19 flashcards
D3.3.7 Role of the kidney in osmoregulation and excretion (HL)
22 flashcards
D3.3.8 Role of the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule and proximal convoluted tubule in excretion (HL)
20 flashcards
D3.3.9 Role of the loop of Henle (HL)
19 flashcards
D3.3.10 Osmoregulation by water reabsorption in the collecting ducts (HL)
19 flashcards
D3.3.11 Changes in blood supply to organs in response to changes in activity (HL)
19 flashcards
D4.1 Natural selection
15 subtopics
D4.1.1 Natural selection as the mechanism driving evolutionary change
16 flashcards
D4.1.2 Roles of mutation and sexual reproduction
13 flashcards
D4.1.3 Overproduction of offspring and competition for resources
20 flashcards
D4.1.4 Abiotic factors as selection pressures
20 flashcards
D4.1.5 Differences between individuals in adaptation, survival and reproduction
19 flashcards
D4.1.6 Requirement that traits are heritable for evolutionary change to occur
15 flashcards
D4.1.7 Sexual selection as a selection pressure in animal species
13 flashcards
D4.1.8 Modelling of sexual and natural selection
15 flashcards
D4.1.9 Concept of the gene pool (HL)
15 flashcards
D4.1.10 Allele frequencies of geographically isolated populations (HL)
16 flashcards
D4.1.11 Changes in allele frequency in the gene pool (HL)
15 flashcards
D4.1.12 Differences between directional, disruptive and stabilizing selection (HL)
16 flashcards
D4.1.13 Hardy–Weinberg equation and calculations of allele or genotype frequencies (HL)
24 flashcards
D4.1.14 Hardy–Weinberg conditions (HL)
19 flashcards
D4.1.15 Artificial selection by deliberate choice of traits (HL)
20 flashcards
D4.2 Sustainability and change
15 subtopics
D4.2.2 Requirements for stability in ecosystems
19 flashcards
D4.2.3 Deforestation of Amazon rainforest
21 flashcards
D4.2.4 Use of a model to investigate the effect of variables on ecosystem stability
15 flashcards
D4.2.8 Eutrophication of aquatic and marine ecosystems due to leaching
16 flashcards
D4.2.9 Biomagnification of pollutants in natural ecosystems
19 flashcards
D4.2.10 Effects of microplastic and macroplastic pollution of the oceans
21 flashcards
D4.2.11 Restoration of natural processes in ecosystems by rewilding
19 flashcards
D4.2.12 Ecological succession and its causes (HL)
14 flashcards
D4.2.13 Changes occurring during primary succession (HL)
20 flashcards
D4.2.14 Cyclical succession in ecosystems (HL)
10 flashcards
D4.2.15 Climax communities and arrested succession (HL)
20 flashcards
D4.3 Climate change
12 subtopics
D4.3.2 Positive feedback cycles in global warming
15 flashcards
D4.3.3 Change from net carbon accumulation to net loss in boreal forests
22 flashcards
D4.3.5 Changes in ocean currents altering the timing and extent of nutrient upwelling
19 flashcards
D4.3.7 Threats to coral reefs as an example of potential ecosystem collapse
20 flashcards
D4.3.8 Afforestation, forest regeneration and restoration of peat-forming wetlands
18 flashcards
D4.3.10 Disruption to the synchrony of phenological events by climate change (HL)
17 flashcards
D4.3.11 Increases to the number of insect life cycles within a year due to climate change (HL)
19 flashcards