B2.3 Cell specialization Questionbank

They must pass through capillaries and lack a nucleus

They are single-celled organisms

They must produce antibodies

They contain multiple nuclei and mitochondria

Multipotent → totipotent

Totipotent → pluripotent

Pluripotent → totipotent

Multipotent → unipotent → totipotent

Pluripotent stem cells can form all cell types in the body and placenta, while multipotent cells cannot

Multipotent stem cells can form more cell types than pluripotent cells

Pluripotent stem cells can become any body cell, while multipotent stem cells are limited to certain lineages

Both pluripotent and multipotent cells are found only in early-stage embryos

They are immune to aging

They produce energy faster than other cells

They can form many types of specialized cells

They replicate without using mitosis

It prevents the stem cell from dividing

It stores nutrients for fertilization

It maintains or directs the differentiation of the stem cell

It converts glucose into ATP

They divide cells into equal parts

They increase mitotic rate uniformly across the embryo

They help determine which genes are activated in specific cells

They cause mutations that lead to specialization

Red blood cell

Neuron

Platelet

White blood cell

The branching of cardiac muscle cells allows rapid signal conduction between cells, supporting synchronized contractions

The presence of multiple nuclei per fiber allows cardiac muscle cells to contract more forcefully than skeletal muscle fibers.

The absence of striations in cardiac muscle reduces energy demands compared to skeletal muscle fibers.

The lack of contractile myofibrils in cardiac muscle makes it more resistant to fatique than skeletal muscle.

It cannot divide once fully mature

It only exists in embryos

It can divide continuously and develop into various cell types

It has more than two nuclei

They can generate only extraembryonic tissues, such as the placenta and amnion.

They can differentiate into all somatic and germ cell types within the three germ layers.

They are permanently restricted to a sinqle mature blood or immune cell fate.

They can self-organize into a complete embryo, including supporting extraembryonic structures.